POLARISING JAVANESE SOCIETY Islamic and Other Visions c. 1830–1930

315 Pages·2007·7.931 MB·English

by  M.C. Ricklefs

POLARISING JAVANESE SOCIETY
0 400 800
1000 km
The Indonesian Archipelago
POLARISING JAVANESE SOCIETY
Islamic and Other Visions
c. 1830–1930
M.C. Ricklefs
NUS PRESS
SINGAPORE
© 2007 NUS Press
National University of Singapore
AS3-01-02, 3 Arts Link
Singapore 117569
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E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.nus.edu.sg/npu
ISBN 978-9971-69-359-6 (Case)
978-9971-69-346-6 (Paper)
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Typeset by: Scientifik Graphics
Printed by: Mainland Press Pte Ltd
For
Margaret
0 20 40 60 80 100 km
Java: Western portion
Contents
Illustrations viii
Maps ix
Tables x
Abbreviations xi
Transcription and Orthography xiv
Preface xv
Chapter 1: The Javanese Islamic Legacy to c.1830:
The Mystic Synthesis 1
Chapter 2: Javanese Society’s Nineteenth-century
Colonial Context 12
Chapter 3: The Diverging Worlds of Pious Islam 30
Chapter 4: The Birth of the Abangan 84
Chapter 5: Javanese Christian Communities 105
Chapter 6: The Elite’s New Horizons 126
Chapter 7: Anti-Islamic Reaction: Budi and Buda 176
Chapter 8: Polarities Politicised, c.1908–30 214
Conclusions: Religion, Politics and Conflicted Societies 251
Glossary 265
Bibliography 269
Index 284
vii
Illustrations
Bust of Mangkunagara IV (r. 1853–81) 41
Students at a Javanese Qur’an school in the front gallery
of a small prayer-house, c.1910 50
Music lesson at Xavier College, Muntilan, c.1925 121
Ganjuran Catholic church:
The candhi 123
The image of Christ in the candhi (with the Javanese
royal titles Sampeyan-dalˇem Maha Prabu Yesus Kristus) 123
Altar angel in wayang style 123
Puh Sarang Catholic church 124
Bramartani (10 February 1887) 131
R.M. Condranagara V (Purwaleˇlana), c.1867 145
Grave of Ronggawarsita, Palar 148
Grave of C.F. Winter Sr adjacent to that of
Ronggawarsita, Palar 150
Radyapustaka museum, Surakarta 161
Mangkunagaran graves, Girilayu:
Grave of Mangkunagara IV (d. 1881) 162
Grave of Mangkunagara V (d. 1896) 163
Depiction of uterus, fifteenth-century Candhi Sukuh,
on which Mangkunagara V’s gravestone is modeled 163
viii
Illustrations/Maps ix
Kartini with her husband R. Ad. Jayaadiningrat, 1903 164
Village school in Java c.1920 216
Foundation meeting of the Sarekat Islam branch in
Blitar, 1914 227
The Committee for Javanese Cultural Development,
Surakarta, 1918 229
Semaun 232
Tan Khoen Swie 239
Tan Khoen Swie with Ki Mangunwijaya 240
The Bupati of Kudus, R. Panji Tg. Hadinoto, with his
wife and children, 1924 256
MAPS
The Indonesian Archipelago ii
Java: Western portion vi
Java: Eastern portion xviii
TABLES
1. Hajj departures and returns from Javanese-speaking
residencies, 1850–58 59
2. Hajis in Javanese residencies, 1874 64
3. Hajj departures from Javanese-speaking areas and Madura,
selected years, 1884–1911 65
4. Professional religious (geestelijken) and religious students
in Java, 1863–74 65
5. Religious (geestelijken) and religious students in
Javanese-speaking residencies, 1872 66
6. Religious (geestelijken) 1872: number of hajis 1874, in
Javanese-speaking residences 67
7. Islamic religious schools and students in Java and Madura,
1882–93 70
8. Hajj departures from Javanese-speaking areas and Madura,
selected years, 1912–30 214
x