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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
(CDS)
Title
Change and Continuity in Gender Division ofR oles in
Hoe and Plough Culture. The Case of Gedeo
Community.
By
Takele Bakele
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS: SIGNATURE
Dr. Belay Simane
INSTITUTE DIRECTOR
Dr.Workneh Negatu
ADVISOR
Dr. Ali Hassen
INTERNAL EXAMINER
, ,
Acknowledgements
This thesis would have been impossible without the help of many individuals and
organizations. First and foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my
advisor, Dr. Workeneh Negatu, for his valuable comments and constructive advice. I
wish to thank my father, Bekele Baye, and my mother, Birkenesh Wodajo, for their all
rounded support during my career. I am indebted to enumerators who assisted me during
the field work. Particularly Sintayhu Negash who is DA in the Woreda and has close link
with rural farmers, helped me not only as an enumerator but also assisted me by
disclosing important information and data throughout my field stay. My thanks also go
to Asefa Edo and Ketema Abebe, who are Experts in Wenago Woreda Agricultural and
Rural Development Office, for their cooperation and support during my stay in the field. I
also extend my thanks to CDS Staff particularly Tsega, Marta and Sirgut for their full
cooperation during my two years of academic stay. Last but not least, I wish to thank my
brother Anteneh Bekele and my friends Wondowoson Mengistu, Girma Zewde, Asseged
Teshome and Abichu Lema for their valuable moral and material supports.
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I
Acronyms and Abbreviations
CSA- Central Statistical Authority
DAs- Development Agents
ECSC- Ethiopian Civil Service College
FAO- Food and Agricultural Organization
FGDs- Focus Group Discussions
GDP- Gross Domestic Product
ILRI- International Livestock and Research Institution
JICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency
KAS- Kebele Administrations
NGOs- Non governmental Organization
PFE- Pastoral Forum Ethiopia
SNNP- Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples'
SPSS- Statistical process for Social Science
WW ARDO- Wenago Woreda Agricultural and RW'al Development Office
WWIB - Wenago Woreda Information office
WWWAO- Wenago Woreda Women Affair Office
11
Definitions of key terms
Cash crops: Crops grown for sale on the market rather than exclusively for local
consumption and Subsistence
Ensel: A banana like green fiberous food crop widely grown in South Western and South
Central Ethiopia
Female farming: A system of farming in which women take the bulk of agricultural tasks
Gedeoffaa: A term used for the language spoken by Gedeo community
Kebele: The lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia
Male farming: A system of farming in which men take the bulk of agricultural tasks
Monogamy: A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one
spouse at any given time
Patrilineal: Is a line of descent from a male ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in
which the individuals in all intervening generations are male.
Polygamy: Means a system of marriage whereby one person has more than one spouse
Woreda: An area regarded as an administrative geographical unit.
Plough culture: A kind of farming system which employs animal drawn techniques to
produce agricultural production.
Hoe culture: A system of farming which employs Hand-hoe/ Fully Manual farnling
systems techniques to produce agricultural production
Tradition: A Tradition: Along established action or behavior in a community or group of
people, often one that has been handed down from generation to generation
Contemporary: The present existing situation.
11l
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................. ii
Definitions of key terms ..................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii
Chapter One ........................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background .............................................................................................................. I
1.2 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective of the study ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................. 5
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................. 6
1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 6
1.7 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Limitation of the study .............................................................................................. 7
Chapter Two ........................................................................................................................ 8
Literature review ................................................................................................................. 8'
2.1 Gender Division of Roles in Agricultural Production .............................................. 8
2.2 Gender Division of Roles in Hoe and Plough Farming System ............................. 11
2.3 Women's Access to and Control over Land and other Agricultural Resources ..... 15
2.4 Patterns of Cash cropping, Land use and Gender Division of Roles ...................... 18
2.5 Marriage Patterns, Inheritance System and Gender Division of Roles .................. 20
2.6 Change and Continuity in Gender Division of Roles in Agricultural Production .. 21
2.7 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 23
Chapter Three .................................................................................................................... 27
Methodology ................................................................................................................. 27
3.1 Study Design ........................................................................................................... 27
IV
3.2 Research Site ........................................................................................................... 27
3.1.2 Sampling Techniques ....................................................................................... 28
3.1.3 Population and Sample Size ............................................................................. 28
3.1.4 Data Type and Sources .................................................................................... 30
3.1.5 Data Collection Instruments ............................................................................ 30
3.1.6 Methods of Data Analysis ................................................................................ 32
3.2 Description of the Study Area ................................................................................. 33
3.2.1 Location alld Population of the study Area ...................................................... 33
3.2.2 Climate, Altitude and Vegetation .................................................................... 33
3.2.3 Administrative Structure .................................................................................. 34
3.2.4 Economic Basis of the Study Population ......................................................... 34
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 37
4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sample Households ........................................ 37
4.1.1 Sex and Ethnic Composition of the Sample Households ................................. 37
4.1.2 Educational Status of the Respondents ............................................................ 37
4.1.3 Age Structure of Sample Households .............................................................. 38.
4.1.4 Household Size of Sample Households ........................................................... 38
4.1.5 Marital Status of the Sample Households ....................................................... 39
4.1.6 Economic Activities and Sources of Cash Income .......................................... 40
4.2 Land Holding alld Ownership System .................................................................... 41
4.3 Gender Division of Roles in Crop and Livestock Production among Hoe and
Plough Culture-----------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.3.1 Gender division of roles in crop production among hoe alld plough culture ... 42
4.3.2 Gender division of roles in livestock production among hoe alld plough culture
................................................................................................................................... ~
4.4 Gender Division of Roles in Cash Crop Production ............................................... 52
4.4.1 Gender division of roles in coffee production ................................................. 52
4.4.2 Gender division of roles in fruits and vegetables production .......................... 54
4.5 Cash Cropping alld Women's Access to Land ....................................................... 57
4.6 Effect of Patterns of Cash Cropping on Gender Division of Roles in Hoe and
Plough Culture .................................................................................................... 59
4.7 Resources Control, Marriage Patterns alld Inheritance Arrangement and Gender
Division of Roles in Agricultural Production ........................................................ 62
4.7.1 Ownership and control of resources alld gender division of roles in agricultural
production ........................................................................................................... 64
4.7.2 Patterns of marriage system and gender division of roles ............................... 70
4.7.3 Patterns of inheritance system and gender division of roles ............................ 73
4.8 Change and Continuity in Gender Division of Roles in Agricultural Production 75
v
Chapter Fi ve ...................................................................................................................... 80
Summary and Recommendation ....................................................................................... 80
5.1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 80
5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................... 82
References
Annexes
VI
List of Tables
4.1 Educational status of the respondents -------------------------------------------------------36
4.2 Age structure 0 f the responden ts-------------------------------------------------------------3 7
4.3 Number of children of the respondents------------------------------------------------------37
4.4 Family size of sample households-----------------------------------------------------------38
4.5 Average annual income of sample households---------------------------------------------39
4.6 Landholding size of sample households-----------------------------------------------------40
4.7 Gender division of roles in crop production------------------------------------------------43
4.8 Gender division of roles in livestock production-------------------------------------------49
4.9 Gender division of roles in cash crop production, Coffee--------------------------------52
4.10 Gender division of roles in cash crop production, Fruits & Vegetables---------------54
4.11 Elements of change in gender division of roles due to patterns of cash cropping---59
4.12 Decision making processes in agricultural production------------------------------'----64
4.13 Ownership of livestock resources---------------------------------------------------------65
4.14 Decision making power on household resources-----------------------------------------67
4.15 Marriage patterns in hoe and plough farming system------------------------------------70
4.16 Inheritance arrangement in hoe and plough farming system---------------------------73
VI!
List of Figures
2.1 Conceptual framework of change and continuity in gender division of roles in hoe
and plough cu It ure-----------------------------------------------------------------------------23
3. 1 Study area Map---------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
3.2 Agro-forestry system --------------------------------------------------------------------------3 5
4.7 Gender division of labor in hoe culture-----------------------------------------------------47
4.8 Gender division of labor in plough culture-------------------------------------------------47
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