Platelets and Their Factors

770 Pages·1997·21.377 MB·English

by  A. S. Brown, J. D. Erusalimsky, J. F. Martin (auth.), Professor Dr. Franz von Bruchhausen, Professor Dr. med. Ulrich Walter (eds.)

Handbook of
Experimental Pharmacology
Volume 126
Editorial Board
G.V.R.Born,London
P. Cuatrecasas, Ann Arbor, MI
D. Ganten, Berlin
H. Herken, Berlin
K.L. Melmon, Stanford, CA
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Budapest
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Santa Clara
Singapore
Tokyo
Platelets
and Their Factors
Contributors
K.S. Authi, Y. Banno, E.M. Bevers, A.S. Brown, E. Butt
F. Catella-Lawson, J.-P. Cazenave, J.D. Chang, K.J. Clemetson
P.G. de Groot, Y. Denizot, T.F. Deuel, J.D. Erusalimsky
G.A. FitzGerald, M.M. Frojmovic, M.H. Fukami, C. Gachet
P.V. Halushka, D. Handley, R. Heller, M. Hirata, H. Holmsen
D. Koesling, J.F. Martin, M.L. Martin, E.A. Martinson
L.M. McManus, H. Miszta-Lane, E. Morgenstern, S. Nakashima
S. Narumiya, Y. Nozawa, B. Ntirnberg, H. Patscheke, S. Pawate
R.N. Pinckard, J. Polgar, P. Presek, M.W. Radomski
M. Rodrigues, G. Rudnick, A. Ruf, E. Salas, B. Schwippert
W. Siess, H. Sinzinger, J.J. Sixma, D. Tschoepe, F. Ushikubi
G.H. van Zanten, F. von Bruchhausen, U. Walter, J.A. Ware
S.P. Watson, S.T. Weintraub, D.S. Woodard
Editors
F. von Bruchhausen and U. Walter
Springer
Professor Dr. FRANZ VON BRUCHHAUSEN
Institut fUr Pharmakologie
Freie Universitat Berlin
Thielallee 69-73
14195 Berlin
Germany
Professor Dr. med. ULRICH WALTER
Medinzinische Universitatsklinik
Institut fur Klinische Biochemie
und Pathobiochemie
losef-Schneider-Str. 2
97080 Wurzburg
Germany
With 89 Figures and 39 Tables
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-64488-7 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-60639-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60639-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Platelets and their factors/contributors. Authi, K.S ....
let al.]: editors, F. von Bruchhausen and U. Walter. p. em. - (Handbook of experimental pharmacology;
v. 126) Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Blood platelets. .
2. Blood platelets - Receptors. 3. Blood platelet disorders. 4. Platelet activating factor. 5. Cellular signal
transduction. I. Authi, Kalwant S. II. Bruehhausen, F. von (Franz von), 1929- III. Walter, U. (Ulrich),
1949- . IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Blood Platelets. WI HA51L v. 126 I997/WH 300 P7179 1997] QP905.H3
vol. 126 [QP97] 615'.1 s - dc21 [612.1'17] DNLM/DLC 96-39635
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Preface
Platelets playa fundamental, life-saving role in hemostasis and blood clotting
at sites of vascular injury. Unwanted platelet activation and arterial thombus
formation are, however, implicated in the onset of myocardial infarction,
stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Acceptance that platelets play a
major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including coronary heart
disease has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of cardiovascular
diseases, and aspirin is now an essential antiplatelet drug and the golden
standard for future developments. Yet the search for better and perhaps safer
antiplatelet drugs is one of the most active areas of investigation in both basic
and clinical research.
Platelets, especially human platelets, have also emerged as one of the
major models for the study of inter- and intracellular signal transduction
pathways. Many biochemists, cell biologists, pharmacologists, pathologists,
hematologists, and cardiologists find platelets useful for studying processes
such as adhesion, inside-out and outside-in signalling through the plasma
membrane, channels, calcium homeostasis, protein kinases, the network
of intracellular signal transduction cascades, and the release of vasoactive
substances.
The aim of the editors has been to compile chapters summarizing
the current state-of-the-art information on the biochemistry, cell biology,
pharmacology, and physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of human platelets.
We hope that this volume represents the major aspects of current platelet
research although it is perhaps inevitable that certain areas are covered less
thoroughly than others. We would like to acknowledge the excellent help and
support of the Springer-Verlag staff, in particular that of Ms. Doris Walker.
Finally, we would like to thank our colleagues, the authors of this volume, for
their expert contributions and scholarship. Hopefully, this volume will become
a valuable source of information for all students and investigators of platelets
and their fascinating physiological and pathophysiologial roles.
January 1997 F. VON BRUCHHAUSEN
U. WALTER
List of Contributors
AUTHI, K.S., Platelet Section, Thrombosis Research Institute, Emanuel Kaye
Building, Manresa Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6LR, Great Britain
BANNO, Y., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medicine,
Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan
BEVERS, E.M., Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Research
School University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The
Netherlands
BROWN, A.S., Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital/Denmark
Hill, South London SE5 9RS, Great Britain
BUTT, E., Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Institut fUr Klinische Biochemie
und Pathobiochemie, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wiirzburg, Germany
CATELLA-LAWSON, F., University of Pennsylvania Health System, School of
Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Stellar-Chance Labora
tories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
CAZENAVE, J.-P., Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine de Strasbourg, 10 rue
Spielmann, B.P. No. 36,67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
CHANG, J.D., Harvard-Thorndike Laboratories of the Cardiovascular Divi
sion, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline
Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
CLEMETSON, K.J., Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestr. 1,
3012 Berne, Switzerland
DE GROOT, P.G., Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht,
P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
DENIZOT, Y., Laboratoire d'Hematologie Experimentale, Faculte de
Medecine, 2 rue Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
DEUEL, T.F., Department of Internal Medicine, Jewish Hospital at Washington
University, 216 So. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110-1092, USA
VIII List of Contributors
ERUSALIMSKY, J.D., The Cruciform Project, University College London, 140
Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9LN, Great Britain
FITZGERALD, G.A., University of Pennsylvania Health System, School of
Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Stellar-Chance Labora
tories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
FROJMOVIC, M.M., Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Physiology Department,
McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
FUKAMI, M.H., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Univer
sity of Bergen, Arstadveien 19,5009 Bergen, Norway
GACHET, c., Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine de Strasbourg, 10 rue
Spielmann, B.P. No. 36,67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France
HALUSHKA, P.V., Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171
Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA
HANDLEY, D., Pharmaceuticals, Sepracor, Inc., 111 Locke Drive, Marlborough,
MA 01752, USA
HELLER, R., Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Zentrum fUr
Vaskulare Biologie und Medizin, Bereich Erfurt, Institut fUr Biochemie
und Molekularbiologie, Nordhiiuser Str. 78, 99089 Erfurt, Germany
HIRATA, M., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of
Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
HOLMSEN, H., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Bergen, Arstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
KOESLING, D., Institut fUr Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Thielallee
69-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
MARTIN, J.F., The Cruciform Project, University College London, 140
Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9LN, Great Britain
MARTIN, M.L., Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacol
ogy, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston,
SC 29425, USA
MARTINSON, E.A., Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut fUr Pharmakologie, Justus
Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 107,35392 Giessen, Germany
McMANUS, L.M., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA
MISZTA-LANE, H., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University
of Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
T6G 2H7
List of Contributors IX
MORGENSTERN, E., Fachrichtung 3.5: Medizinische Biologie, Fachbereich
Theoretische Medizin, Universitat des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar,
Germany
NAKASHIMA, S., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medi
cine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan
NARUMIYA, S., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of
Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
NOZAWA, Y., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medi
cine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan
NURNBERG, B., Institut flir Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Thielallee
69-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
PATSCHEKE, H., Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Klinikum
Karlsruhe, Academic Hospital of the University of Freiburg, P.O. Box
6280, 76042 Karlsruhe, Germany
PAWATE, S., Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC
29425, USA
PINCKARD, R.N., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA
POLGAR, J., Theoder Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestr. 1, 3012
Berne, Switzerland
PRESEK, P., Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut flir Pharmakologie, Justus-Liebig
Universitat Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 107,35392 Giessen, Germany
RADOMSKI, M.W., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University of
Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
T6G 2H7
RODRIGUES, M., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vienna University Hospi
tal, Wahringer Giirtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
RUDNICK, G., Department of Pharmacology, Yale University of Medicine, 333
Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510-8066, USA
RUF, A., Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Klinikum Karlsruhe,
Academic Hospital of the University of Freiburg, P.O. Box 6280, 76042
Karlsruhe, Germany
SALAS, E., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University of
Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
T6G2H7
x List of Contributors
SCHWIPPERT, B., Cellular Haemostasis and Clinical Angiology Group, Diabe
tes Research Institute at the Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm
Hennekamp 65, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
SIESS, W., Institut fur Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der
Kreislaufkrankheiten, UniversiUit Munchen, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336
Munchen, Germany
SINZINGER, H., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vienna University Hospital,
Wiihringer Gurtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
SIXMA, J.J., Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O.
Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
TscHoEPE, D., Cellular Haemostasis and Clinical Angiology Group, Diabetes
Research Institute at the Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp
65,40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
USHIKUBI, F., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of
Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
VAN ZANTEN, G.H., Department of Haematology, University Hospital
Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
VON BRUCHHAUSEN, F., Institut fOr Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin,
Thielallee 69173, 14195 Berlin, Germany
WALTER, U., Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Institut fiir Klinische Biochemie
und Pathobiochemie, losef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany
WARE, J.A., Harvard-Thorndike Laboratories of the Cardiovascular Division,
Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline A venue,
Boston, MA 02215, USA
WATSON, S.P., Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford OX1 30T, Great Britain
WEINTRAUB, S.T., Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas
Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-
7760, USA
WOODARD, D.S., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health
Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA
Contents
Section I: Platelet Development, Morphology and Physiology
CHAPTER 1
Megakaryocytopoiesis: The Megakaryocyte/Platelet
Haemostatic Axis
A.S. BROWN, J.D. ERUSALIMSKY, and J.F. MARTIN. With 1 Figure. . . . . 3
A. Introduction .............................................. 3
B. Megakaryocyte Anatomy ................................... 4
I. Structure ............................................. 4
II. Site of Platelet Production .............................. 4
III. Ploidy ................................................ 7
C. Megakaryocytopoiesis and Thrombopoiesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I. Perturbations of the Steady State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
II. Megakaryocyte Progenitor Cells ......................... 9
III. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors ......................... 9
IV. Thrombopoietin/cMpl Ligand ........................... 13
V. Negative Regulation of Megakaryocytopoiesis ............. 15
D. Signal Transduction Events and Mechanisms of Polyploidisation. . 16
I. Involvement of Protein Kinase C
in Megakaryocyte Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
II. Induction of Tyrosine Phosphorylation by TPO ............ 16
III. Cell Cycle Control and Polyploidisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
E. Megakaryocytes in Atherosclerosis .......................... 17
F. Conclusion ............................................... 19
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CHAPTER 2
Human Platelet MorphologylUltrastructure
E. MORGENSTERN. With 16 Figures .............................. 27
A. General Morphology: Shape and Properties of Platelets ........ 27
B. Electron-Microscopic Techniques ........................... 29