Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference

649 Pages·1998·18.65 MB·English

by  Geoffrey Pritchard (auth.)

Plastics Additives
POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES
Series editors
Dr Derek Brewis Professor David Briggs
lnst. of Surface Science & Technology Siacon Consultants Ltd
Loughborough University of 21 Wood Farm Road
Technology Malvern Wells
Loughborough, Leicestershire Worcestershire
LEl13TU WR144PL
Advisory board
Professor A. Bantjes Dr Chi-Ming Chan
University of Twente Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Chemical Technology The Hong Kong University of Science
Department of Macromolecular and Technology
Chemistry and Materials Science Room 4558, Academic Building
PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede Clear Water Bay, Kowloon
The Netherlands Hong Kong
Dr John R. Ebdon Professor Robert G. Gilbert
The Polymer Centre School of Chemistry
School of Physics and Chemistry University of Sydney
Lancaster University New South Wales 2006
Lancaster LA1 4YA Australia
UK
Dr John F. Rabolt
Professor Richard Pethrick Materials Science Program
Department of Pure and Applied University of Delaware
Chemistry Spencer Laboratory #201
Strathclyde University Newark, Delaware 19716
Thomas Graham Building USA
295 Cathedral Street
Glasgow G1 1XL
UK
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Plastics Additives
An A-Z reference
Edited by
Geoffrey Pritchard
Consultant
Worcester
UK
and
Emeritus Professor of Polymer Science
Kingston University
Surrey
UK
la III
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV
First edition 1998
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1998
Typeset in 10/12 pt Palatino by Academic & Technical, Bristol
ISBN 978-94-010-6477-4 ISBN 978-94-011-5862-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6
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Contents
The items without reference numbers are not entries. They are
cross-referenced to relevant entries.
List of contributors xiii
Preface xix
Introduction
Additives are essential 3
Quick reference guide 11
Practical methods of mixing additives with polymers 16
Analytical methods for additives in plastics 26
Biodegradation of plastics: monitoring what happens 32
Alphabetical section
Acid scavengers for polyolefins 43
Acrylic processing aids - see Processing aids for vinyl foam
Algicides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects
Alumina trihydrate - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and
hydroxide systems and Smoke suppressants and Flame
retardancy: the approaches available
Aluminium flakes - see Conducting fillers for plastics
Amphiphiles - see Surfactants
Analysis of additives - see Analytical methods for additives in
plastics, in Introductory section
Anti-blocking of polymer films 49
Antifouling agents - see Biocides
Antimicrobial agents - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic
aspects
Antimony trioxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and
hydroxide systems and Flame retardancy: the approaches
available
vi Contents
Antioxidants: an overview 55
Antioxidants: hindered phenols 73
Antioxidants: their analysis in plastics 80
Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate) 95
Antistatic agents 108
Aramid fibres - see Reinforcing fibres
Asbestos - see Reinforcing fibres
Azo compounds - see Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics and
Pigments for plastics
Azobisisobutyronitrile - see Blowing agents
Bacteriocides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects
Biocides 115
Biocides: some kinetic aspects 121
Biodegradation monitoring - see Biodegradation of plastics:
monitoring what happens, in Introductory section
Biodegradation promoters for plastics 135
Blowing agents 142
Borates - see Flame retardants: borates and Flame retardancy: the
approaches available
Boron compounds - see Flame retardants: borates and Flame
retardancy: the approaches available
Calcium carbonate 148
Carbon black 153
Carbon fibres - see Reinforcing fibres
Cellulose - see Flame retardants: intumescent systems
Charring additives - see Flame retardancy: the approaches
available and Flame retardants: intumescent systems and Flame
retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and smoke in
halogenated polymers and Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol)
and silicon compounds and Flame retardants: tin compounds
Chlorofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents
Compatibilizers - see Surfactants: applications in plastics and
Compatibilizers for recycled polyethylene
Compatibilizers for recycled polyethylene 162
Conducting fillers for plastics: (1) Flakes and fibres 170
Conducting fillers for plastics: (2) Conducting polymer additives 180
Core-shell modifiers - see Impact modifiers: 0) Mechanisms and
applications in thermoplastics and Impact modifiers:
(2) Modifiers for engineering thermoplastics
Coupling agents 189
Curing agents 197
Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins 211
Dispersing agents - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in
plastics
Contents vii
Dyes for the mass coloration of plastics 217
EMI shielding additives - see Conducting fillers for plastics
(1) and (2) and Antistatic agents
Ester lubricants - see Lubricating systems for rigid PVC
Extenders - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins
Fibres: the effect of short glass fibres on the mechanical properties
of thermoplastics 226
Fillers 241
Fillers: their effect on the failure modes of plastics 252
Flame retardancy: the approaches available 260
Flame retardants: borates 268
Flame retardants: halogen-free systems
(including phosphorus additives) 277
Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems 287
Flame retardants: intumescent systems 297
Flame retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and
smoke in halogenated polymers 307
Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds 315
Flame retardants: synergisms involving halogens 327
Flame retardants: tin compounds 339
Fluorescent pigments - see Pigments for plastics
Foam control agents - see Surfactants: applications in plastics
Fungicides - see Biocides and Biocides: some kinetic aspects
Glass fibres - see Reinforcing fibres and Fibres: the effects of
short glass fibres on the mechanical properties of
thermoplastics
Glass beads - see Fillers
Glass spheres - see Hollow microspheres
HALS - see Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction and
Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments
Heat stabilizers - see Surfactants: applications in plastics
Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction 353
Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments 360
Hollow microspheres 372
Hydrocarbon waxes - see Release agents and Lubricating systems
for rigid PVC
Hydrofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons - see Blowing agents
Hydrotalcites - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins
Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and applications
in thermoplastics 375
Impact modifiers: (2) Modifiers for engineering thermoplastics 386
Impact modifiers: (3) Their incorporation in epoxy resins 398
Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening agents for epoxy resins 406
viii Contents
Impact modifiers: (5) Modifiers for unsaturated polyester and
vinyl ester resins 416
Intumescent additives - see Flame retardants: intumescent systems
and Flame retardancy: the approaches available and Flame
retardants: halogen-free systems (including phosphorus
additives)
Iron compounds - see Flame retardants: iron compounds, their
effect on fire and smoke in halogenated polymers and Flame
retardancy: the approaches available
Kaolin - see Fillers
Lactates - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins
Light and UV stabilization of polymers 427
Liquid rubber toughening agents - see Impact modifiers
Low profile additives in thermoset composites 442
Lubricants - see Release agents and Surfactants: applications in
plastics and Lubricating systems for rigid PVC
Lubricating systems for rigid PVC 450
Magnesium hydroxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and
hydroxide systems and Fillers
Maleic anhydride - see Fibres: the effects of short glass fibres on the
mechanical properties of thermoplastics and Coupling agents
Melamine - see Flame retardants: halogen-free systems
Metal deactivators - see Antioxidants: an overview and
Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Metal flakes and fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics:
(1) Flakes and fibres and Reinforcing fibres and Fillers
Metallic soaps - see Lubricating systems for rigid PVC
Mica 459
Miscibility - see Polymer additives: the miscibility of blends
Mixing - see Practical methods of mixing additives with polymers,
in Introductory section
Molybdenum trioxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and
hydroxide systems and Smoke suppressants and Flame
retardancy: the approaches available
Nickel fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics (1)
Nucleating agents for thermoplastics 464
Optical brighteners 472
Organometallic esters - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for
epoxy resins
Organophosphates - see Nucleating agents for thermoplastics
Paper for resin bonded paper laminates 474
Pearlescent pigments - see Pigments for plastics
Phenol compounds - see Antioxidants: hindered phenols and Light
and UV stabilization of polymers
Phosphates - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in
plastics
Phosphite esters - see Antioxidants: an overview and
Recycled plastics: additives and their effects on
properties
Phosphorus compounds for flame retardancy - see Flame
retardants: halogen-free systems and Flame retardancy: the
approaches available
Photochromic compounds - see Dyes for the mass coloration of
plastic
Photostabilizers - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers
Phthalate esters - see Plasticizers
Phthalocyanines - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers and
Pigments for plastics
Pigments for plastics 485
Piperidine compounds - see Light and UV stabilization of polymers
Plasticizers 499
Plasticizers: health aspects 505
Polyacrylates - see Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and
applications in thermoplastics
Polyester and polyamide fibres - see Reinforcing fibres
Polyetherimides - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening
agents for epoxy resins
Polyethersulfones - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic toughening
agents for epoxy resins
Polyethylene fibres - see Reinforcing fibres
Polymer additives - the miscibility of blends 513
Polypropylene fibres - see Reinforcing fibres
Polysiloxanes - see Impact modifiers: 0) Mechanisms and
applications in thermoplastics
Poly(vinyl alcohol) - see Release agents and Flame retardants:
poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds
Precipitating elastomers - see Impact modifiers: (4) Organic
toughening agents for epoxy resins
Processing aids: fluoropolymers to improve the conversion of
polyolefins 519
Processing aids for vinyl foam 526
Quartz - see Fillers
Reactive diluents - see Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy
resins
Recycled plastics: additives and their effect on properties 535
Reinforcing fibres 544
Release agents 559
Rice husk ash 561
x Contents
Rubber additives - see Impact modifiers: (1) Mechanisms and
applications in thermoplastics and Surface-modified rubber
particles for polyurethanes
Scorch inhibitors for flexible polyurethanes 567
Separation of additives - see Analytical methods for additives in
plastics, in Introductory section
Shrinkage control agents - see Low profile additives in thermoset
composites
Silanes - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics and
Coupling agents
Silica - see Fillers
Silicon compounds, silicates - see Fillers and Flame retardants:
poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds and Coupling agents
Smoke suppressants 576
Stabilizers - see Hindered amine light stabilizers: introduction and
Hindered amine light stabilizers: recent developments and
Antioxidants: an overview and Light and UV stabilization of
polymers
Stainless steel fibres - see Conducting fillers for plastics
Stannates - see Flame retardants: tin compounds and Flame
retardancy: the approaches available and Flame retardants:
inorganic oxide and hydroxide systems
Starch - see Biodegradation promoters for plastics
Stearates - see Acid scavengers for polyolefins and Release agents
and Lubricating systems for rigid PVC
Surface-modified rubber particles for polyurethanes 584
Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics 590
Surfactants: applications in plastics 604
Surfactants: the principles 613
Talc - see Fillers
Thermoplastics toughening modifiers - see Impact modifiers:
(3) Their incorporation in epoxy resins
Thickening agents for sheet moulding compounds - see
Low profile additives in thermoset composites
Thixotropic agents - see Fillers
Thioesters - see Antioxidants for poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Tin oxide - see Flame retardants: inorganic oxide and hydroxide
systems and Flame retardants: tin compounds
Titanates - see Surface treatments for particulate fillers in plastics
Titanium dioxide - see Pigments for plastics and Fillers
Toughening agents - see Impact modifiers
Trimellitate esters - see Plasticizers
Ultraviolet light stabilizers - see Light and UV stabilization of
polymers