Table Of ContentPLASTICITY AND
REGENERATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA. N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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PLASTICITY AND REGENERATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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PLASTICITY AND
REGENERATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edtted hy
Paola S. Timiras
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California
Alain Privat
Unite 336 INSERM
Universite de Montpellier II
Montpellier, France
E2:io Gi acobini
Southern Illinois University
Springfield, Illinois
lean Lauder
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
and
Antonia Vernadakis
University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center
Denver, Colorado
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data
Institute of Developmental Neuroscience & Aging. Conference (3rd
1990 Turin. I,aly)
Plasticity and regeneration of the nervous system I edited by
Paola S. Timiras ... ret al. I.
p. cm. -- (Advances in experimental nedicine and biology; v.
296)
"Third Conference of the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience
and Aging ... held April 5-7. 1990. ,n Torino. Italy"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Nervous system--Regeneration--Congresses. 2. Nervous system-
-Growth--Congresses. 3. Neuroplasticity--Congresses. I. Tim,ras.
Paola S. II. Title. III. Serles.
[DNLM, 1. Aging--physiology--congresses. 2. Nerve Regeneration
-physiology--congresses. 3. Neuronal Plasticity--physiology-
-congresses. 4. Nervous System--growth & development--congresses.
Wi AD559 v. 296 I WL 102 156p 19901
OP363.5.155 1990
599' .0 188--dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 91-24014
CIP
Proceedings of the Third Conference of the Institute of Developmental
Neuroscience and Aging: Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System,
held April 5-7, 1990, in Torino, Italy
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8049-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-8047-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8047-4
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
Softeover reprint of the hardcover I 5t edition 1991
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 100\3
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
GUIDO FILOGAMO
A graduate (M.D., 1940) from the Medical School of the University of
Torino (Italy), Professor Guido Filogamo spent almost his entire academic
career (except for two years at the University of Sassari, Italy) at the
University of Torino. In 1964, he was appointed Director of the newly-cre
ated Institute of H1stology and Embryology of the University of Torino and
in 1966, first, Director of the Institute of' Anatomy and, then, Chairman
of the Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology. For his many contribu
tions to the medical curriculum, his inspired teaching of medical and
postdoctoral students and his valuable scientific achievements, he was
elected in 1985, President of the Medical School Faculty, a position he
still currently holds. He is a member of numerous Italian and internation
al scientific societies and academies and a recipient of several medals,
honors and awards.
Interested at the beginning of his career in the histophysiology of
the connective tissue (to which he contributed some valuable data), he
soon moved to the study of the nervous system, an already classic area of
competence of the Anatomy Institute at Torino. His first observations
dealt with the symmetry and development of the avian brain utilizing his
tochemical neurotransmitter markers. These studies on development led him
to further research of neuromuscular ontogenesis and regeneration, devel
opment of iris muscles and myocardial Purkinje cells. He was among the
first investigators to apply the cholinesterase method to study the devel
opment of neuromuscular junction and plaques and to formulate the hypothe
sis of an early function of cholinesterase in the nervous system. His more
recent and current research of the intestinal intramural neural plexuses
has demonstrated that cholinergic and adrenergic activities, morphologic
changes and developmental events are associated with (and influenced by) a
number of physiological and pathological conditions.
Professor Filogamo was an enthusiastic and effective member of the
Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging since its beginning. For
his pioneering contributions to the field of neuro-embryology and his in
troduction of the concept of plasticity, it seemed fit to hold the Third
Conference of the Society on "Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous
System" in Torino and to dedicate its works to Professor Guido Filogamo.
v
PREFACE
One of the most impressive advances in the field of
neuroscience over the last decade has been the
accumulation of data on plasticity and regeneration in
the nervous system of mammals. The book represents the
contribution of a qroup of neuroscientists to this
rapidly expanding field, through a Conference organized
by the Institute of Developmental Neuroscience and Aging
(IDNA). The meeting was held in Torino, Italy during
April 1990 in honor of a great pioneer in the field of
Neuroembryology, Professor Guido Filogamo. His
introduction of the concept of neuroplasticity has had a
significant impact on the study of neurobiology.
This volume is divided into six sections, each
focusing on one of the subject areas covered during the
meeting Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Central and
Peripheral Nervous System Development; Hormones,· Growth
Factors, Heurotransmi tters, Xenobiotics and Development;
In Vivo and in Vitro models of Development; Development
and Regulation of Glia; Regeneration; and Aging.
Development is extensively covered in four out of
six sections of this book. Indeed, in many ways, the
problem of remodeling and plasticity in the mature
nervous system are analogous to those seen in the
development of the nervous system circuitry during
ontogeny. Basic questions such as the determination of
cell differentiation and migration in the peripheral
nervous system, the regulation of axonal calibre,
variabili ty of DNA content in developing and reactive
neurons are all meaningful in the scope of neuronal
reactivity. The roles of glia in development and
reactivity of the nervous system appear increasingly
diversified cell proliferation, synthesis of trophic
and inhibitory substances, uptake and release of
neurotransmitters are only some of them. The influence of
endogenous substances (hormones, growth factors),
neurotransmitters (biogenic amines, GABA and others), and
exogenous substances (xenobiotics) on neuronal and glial
development, though known for a long time, is now gaining
full recognition, and this topic is of major importance
in our understanding of neuronal homeostasis.
Regeneration of the nervous system is under the
influence of mul t.iple factors trophic substances such
as NGF, and FGF, matrix components and specific
glycoproteins such as gangliosides. Glial cells, either
central or peripheral, may be permissive or obstructive
to regeneration. The possible use or disuse of these
vii
factors in neurodegenerative diseases is a point of great
interest.
Brain aging has been studied along two lines
"normal aging", considered as a physiological process,
with its molecular and cellular characteristics, and
"pathological aging", represented by Alzheimer disease.
Though they may differ in several respects, these two
lines converge to a common end cell death, the
mechanisms of which are crucial to the issue of
regeneration of the nervous system.
Through the di versi ty of the contributions to this
volume, it is clear that there is not, at least to date,
a common thread which would logically connect all the
issues of plasticity and regeneration in the nervous
tissue. There is rather a multiplicity of factors, which
reflect the complexity of the nervous system. The goal of
the Contributors and Editors of the volume is to provide
a composite image of this rapidly advancing field.
The Editors
viii
CONTENTS
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ASPECTS OF CENTRAL AND
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
New Molecular Insights on the Development of the
Peripheral Nervous System ... 1
C. Dulac, P. Cameron-Curry, O. Pourquie,
and N.M. Le Douarin
DNA Content Revealed by Cytophotometry in Neurons:
Variability Related to Neuroplasticity. 13
S. Geuna, A. Poncino, and M.G. Giacobini Robecchi
Prenatal Development of the Rat Amygdaloid Complex:
An Electron Microscopic Study 21
A. Manolova and S. Manolov
Recent Findings on the Regulation of Axonal Calibre . 29
E. Pannese
HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, XENOBIOTICS, AND DEVELOPMENT
The Biogenic Monoamines as Regulators of Early
(Pre-Nervous) Embryogenesis: New Data. 33
G.A. Buznikov
Hormone-Dependent Plasticity of the Motoneurons
of the Ischiocavernosus Muscle:
An Ultrastructural Study. 49
C. Cracco and A. Vercelli
Reactive Sprouting (Pruning Effect) Is Altered in •
the Brain of Rats Perinatally Exposed
to Morphine . 61
A. Gorio, B. Tenconi, N. Zonta, P. Mantegazza,
and A.M. Di Giulio
Effects of Serotonin on Tyrosine Hydroxylase and
Tau Protein in a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. 69
N.J. John, G.M. Lew, L. Goya, and P.S. Timiras
Critical Periods of Neuroendocrine Development:
Effects of Prenatal Xenobiotics . 81
S.J. Yaffe and L.D. Dorn
IX
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Cell Plasticity During In Vitro Differentiation
of a Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. 91
F. Clementi, C. Gotti, E. Sher, and A. Zanini
LN-IO, A Brain Derived cDNA Clone:
Studies Related to CNS Development. 103
E.D. Kouvelas, I. Zarkadis, A. Athanasiadou,
D. Thanos, and I. Papamatheakis
Spinal Cord Slices with Attached Dorsal Root Ganglia:
A Culture Model for the Study of Pathogenicity
of Encephalitic Viruses . III
A. Shahar, S. Lustig, Y. Akov, Y. David,
P. Schneider, and R. Levin
Human Fetal Brain Cultures: A Model to Study
Neural Proliferation, Differentiation,
and Immunocompetence. 121
S. Torelli, V. Sogos, M.G. Ennas, C. Marcello,
D. Cocchia, and F. Gremo
DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF GLIA
Origin of Microglia and Their Regulation by
Astroglia 135
S. Fedoroff and C. Hao
Neuronal-Astrocytic Interactions in Brain Development,
Brain Function, and Brain Disease . 143
L. Hertz
Structure and Function of Glia Maturation Factor Beta. 161
R. Lim and A. Zaheer
Neuromodulatory Actions of Glutamate, GAB A and
Taurine: Regulatory Role of Astrocytes. 165
A. Schousboe, O.M. Larsson, A. Frandsen,
B. Belhage, H. Pasantes-Morales, and
P. Krogsgaard-Larsen
C-6 Glioma Cells of Early Passage Have Progenitor
Properties in Culture . 181
A. Vernadakis, S. Kentroti, C. Brodie,
D. Mangoura, and N. Sakellaridis
REGENERATION
Brain Extracellular Matrix and Nerve Regeneration • 197
A. Bignami, R. Asher, and G. Perides
Human Nerve Growth Factor: Biological and Immunological
Activities, and Clinical Possibilities
in Neurodegenerative Disease. 207
T. Ebendal, S. Soderstrom, F. Hallbook,
P. Ernfors, C.F. Ibanez, H. Persson, C. Wetmore,
I. Stromberg, and L. Olson
x
Schwann Cell Proliferation During Postnatal
Development, Wallerian Degeneration and Axon
Regeneration in Trembler Dysmyelinating
Mutants • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 227
H. Koenig, A. Do Thi, B. Ferzaz, and A. Ressouches
Basic FGF and its Actions on Neurons: A Group
Account with Special Emphasis on
the Parkinsonian Brain. . • • . 239
D. Otto, C. Grothe, R. Westermann, and K. Unsicker
Molecular and Morphological Correlates Following
Neuronal Deafferentiation~
A Cortico-Striatal Model ••••••. 249
G.M. Pasinetti, H.W. Cheng, J.F. Reinhard,
C.E. Finch, and T.H. McNeill
Monosialoganglioside GMI and Modulation of
Neuronal Plasticity in CNS Repair Processes . 257
S.D. Skaper, S. Mazzari, G. Vantini, L. Facci,
G. Toffano, and A. Leon
Nerve Growth Factor in CNS Repair and Regeneration. 267
S. Varon, T. Hagg, and M. Manthorpe
AGING
Ordered Disorder in the Aged Brain. • • • • • 277
L. Angelucci, S. Alema, L. Ferraris,
O. Ghirardi, A. Imperato, M.T. Ramacci,
M.G. Scrocco, and M. Vertechy
Plasticity in Expression of Co-Transmitters
and Autonomic Nerves in Aging and Disease 291
G. Burnstock
Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors in Human Brain:
Effects of Aging and Alzheimer •.••• 303
E.Giacobini
Macromolecular Changes in the Aging Brain 317
A.M. Giuffrida Stella
ADP-Ribosylation: Approach to Molecular
Basis of Aging. . . . . 329
P. Mandel
Mechanisms of Cell Death. • • • • . . 345
R. Perez-Polo
INDEX • . • . • . . 353
xi
