Plastic Surgery. Volume 4 Lower Extremity, Trunk and Burns. Part 1

455 Pages·162.885 MB·English

by  Neligan P.

Plastic
Surgery
THIRD EDITION
Volume Four
Lower Extremity, Trunk and Burns
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Plastic
Surger y
THIRD EDITION
Volume Four
Lower Extremity, Trunk
and Burns
Editor in Chief
Peter C. Neligan
MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS
Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic
Surgery
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
Volume Editor Video Editor
David H. Song
Allen L. Van Beek
MD, MBA, FACS
MD, FACS
Cynthia Chow Professor of Surgery
Adjunct Professor
Chief, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
University Minnesota School of Medicine
Vice-Chairman, Department of Surgery
Division Plastic Surgery
The University of Chicago Medicine & Biological
Minneapolis, MN, USA
Sciences
Chicago, IL, USA
London, New York, Oxford, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto
SAUNDERS an imprint of Elsevier Inc
© 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1990
Second edition 2006
Third edition 2013
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The following authors retain copyright of the following content:
All photographs in Volume 2, Chapter 3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) © Michael A. C. Kane.
Volume 2, Video clip 8.01 Periorbital Rejuvenation © Julius Few Jr.
Volume 2, Video clip 11.07.01 The High SMAS Technique with Septal Reset © Fritz E. Barton Jr.
Volume 2, Video clip 15.01 Skeletal augmentation © Michael J. Yaremchuk.
Volume 2, Video clip 30.01 Post Bariatric Reconstruction-Bodylift © J. Peter Rubin
Volume 5, Video clip 23.1.01 Congenital anomalies of the breast: An Example of Tuberous Breast
Type 1 Corrected with Glandular Flap Type 1 © Mr. Nicodemo Magiulli
All photographs in Volume 6, Chapter 6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction © Southern Illinois University
School of Medicine.
Notices
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Contents
Foreword by Joseph G. McCarthy xvi 17 Skin graft 319
Preface to the Third Edition xvii Saja S. Scherer-Pietramaggiori, Giorgio Pietramaggiori,
List of Contributors xviii and Dennis P. Orgill
Acknowledgments xl 18 Tissue graft, tissue repair, and regeneration 339
Dedication xli Wei Liu and Yilin Cao
19 Tissue engineering 367
Andrea J. O’Connor and Wayne A. Morrison
Volume One: Principles
20 Repair, grafting, and engineering of cartilage 397
Geoffrey C. Gurtner Wei Liu and Yilin Cao
1 Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine 1 21 Repair and grafting of bone 425
Peter C. Neligan Iris A. Seitz, Chad M. Teven, and Russell R. Reid
2 History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery 11 22 Repair and grafting of peripheral nerve 464
Riccardo F. Mazzola and Isabella C. Mazzola Renata V. Weber, Kirsty U. Boyd, and
Susan E. Mackinnon
3 Psychological aspects of plastic surgery 30
Laurie A. Stevens and Mary H. McGrath 23 Vascular territories 479
Steven F. Morris and G. Ian Taylor
4 The role of ethics in plastic surgery 55
Phillip C. Haeck 24 Flap classification and applications 512
Scott L. Hansen, David M. Young, Patrick Lang,
5 Business principles for plastic surgeons 64
and Hani Sbitany
C. Scott Hultman
25 Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology 573
6 Medico-legal issues in plastic surgery 92
Cho Y. Pang and Peter C. Neligan
Neal R. Reisman
26 Principles and techniques of microvascular
7 Photography in plastic surgery 104
surgery 587
Brian M. Kinney
Fu-Chan Wei and Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay
8 Patient safety in plastic surgery 124
27 Principles and applications of tissue
Bruce Halperin
expansion 622
9 Local anesthetics in plastic surgery 137
Malcolm W. Marks and Louis C. Argenta
A. Aldo Mottura
28 Therapeutic radiation: Principles, effects,
10 Evidence-based medicine and health services
and complications 654
research in plastic surgery 150
Gabrielle M. Kane
Carolyn L. Kerrigan, E. Dale Collins Vidal,
Andrea L. Pusic, Amy K. Alderman, and 29 Vascular anomalies 676
Valerie Lemaine Arin K. Greene and John B. Mulliken
11 Genetics and prenatal diagnosis 176 30 Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic
Daniel Nowinski, Elizabeth Kiwanuka, Florian Hackl, tumors of the skin and soft tissue 707
Bohdan Pomahac, and Elof Eriksson Rei Ogawa
12 Principles of cancer management 201 31 Melanoma 743
Tomer Avraham, Evan Matros, and Babak J. Mehrara Stephan Ariyan and Aaron Berger
13 Stem cells and regenerative medicine 212 32 Implants and biomaterials 786
Benjamin Levi, Derrick C. Wan, Victor W. Wong, Charles E. Butler and Timothy W. King
Geoffrey C. Gurtner, and Michael T. Longaker
33 Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery 798
14 Wound healing 240 Gordon H. Wilkes, Mohammed M. Al Kahtani, and
Chandan K. Sen and Sashwati Roy Johan F. Wolfaardt
15 Skin wound healing: Repair biology, wound, 34 Transplantation in plastic surgery 814
and scar treatment 267 David W. Mathes, Peter E. M. Butler, and
Ursula Mirastschijski, Andreas Jokuszies, and W. P. Andrew Lee
Peter M. Vogt 35 Technology innovation in plastic surgery:
16 Scar prevention, treatment, and revision 297 A practical guide for the surgeon innovator 841
Peter Lorenz and A. Sina Bari Leila Jazayeri and Geoffrey C. Gurtner
vi Contents: Volume One to Volume Two
36 Robotics, simulation, and telemedicine in 12 Secondary deformities and the secondary
plastic surgery 854 facelift 277
Joseph M. Rosen, Todd E. Burdette, Erin Donaldson, Timothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia
Robyn Mosher, Lindsay B. Katona, and
13 Neck rejuvenation 313
Sarah A. Long
James E. Zins, Colin Myles Morrison, and
Claude-Jean Langevin
14 Structural fat grafting 327
Volume Two: Aesthetic Sydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro
15 Skeletal augmentation 339
Richard J. Warren
Michael J. Yaremchuk
1 Managing the cosmetic patient 1 16 Anthropometry, cephalometry, and
Michelle B. Locke and Foad Nahai orthognathic surgery 354
Section I: Aesthetic Surgery of the Face Daniel I. Taub, Jordan M.S. Jacobs, and
Jonathan S. Jacobs
2 Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation 13
Leslie Baumann 17 Nasal analysis and anatomy 373
Joel E. Pessa and Rod J. Rohrich
3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) 30
Michael A.C. Kane 18 Open technique rhinoplasty 387
Rod J. Rohrich and Jamil Ahmad
4 Soft-tissue fillers 44
Trevor M. Born, Lisa E. Airan, and Dimitrios Motakis 19 Closed technique rhinoplasty 413
Mark B. Constantian
5 Facial skin resurfacing 60
Steven R. Cohen, Ryan C. Frank, and E. Victor Ross 20 Airway issues and the deviated nose 450
Bahman Guyuron and Bryan S. Armijo
6 Anatomy of the aging face 78
Bryan Mendelson and Chin-Ho Wong 21 Secondary rhinoplasty 466
Ronald P. Gruber, Simeon H. Wall Jr.,
7 Forehead rejuvenation 93
David L. Kaufman, and David M. Kahn
Richard J. Warren
22 Otoplasty 485
8 Blepharoplasty 108
Charles H. Thorne
Julius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis
23 Hair restoration 494
9 Secondary blepharoplasty: Techniques 138
Jack Fisher
Glenn W. Jelks, Elizabeth B. Jelks, Ernest S. Chiu,
and Douglas S. Steinbrech Section II: General Aesthetic Surgery
10 Asian facial cosmetic surgery 163 24 Liposuction: A comprehensive review of
Kyung S. Koh, Jong Woo Choi, and Clyde H. Ishii techniques and safety 507
Jeffrey M. Kenkel and Phillip J. Stephan
11.1 Facelift: Principles 184
Richard J. Warren 25 Abdominoplasty procedures 530
Dirk F. Richter and Alexander Stoff
11.2 Facelift: Introduction to deep tissue
techniques 208 26 Lipoabdominoplasty 559
Richard J. Warren Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha,
Sérgio Fernando Dantas de Azevedo,
11.3 Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication 216
Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho,
Dai M. Davies and Miles G. Berry
Cristianna Bonneto Saldanha, and
11.4 Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop sutures, Luis Humberto Uribe Morelli
the MACS lift and its derivatives 223
27 Lower bodylifts 568
Mark Laurence Jewell
Al Aly, Khalid Al-Zahrani, and Albert Cram
11.5 Facelift: Lateral SMASectomy 232
28 Buttock augmentation 599
Daniel C. Baker
Terrence W. Bruner, José Abel de la Peña Salcedo,
11.6 Facelift: The extended SMAS technique in Constantino G. Mendieta, and Thomas L. Roberts III
facial rejuvenation 238 29 Upper limb contouring 617
James M. Stuzin Joseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and
11.7 Facelift: SMAS with skin attached – the Scott Woehrle
“high SMAS” technique 257 30 Post-bariatric reconstruction 634
Fritz E. Barton Jr. Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin
11.8 Facelift: Subperiosteal facelift 266 31 Aesthetic genital surgery 655
Oscar M. Ramirez Gary J. Alter
Contents vii
19 Secondary facial reconstruction 461
Volume Three: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Julian J. Pribaz and Rodney K. Chan
Surgery and Pediatric Plastic Surgery 20 Facial transplant 473
Laurent Lantieri
Part 1: Craniofacial, head and neck surgery: Eduardo D. Rodriguez
21 Surgical management of migraine headaches 491
1 Anatomy of the head and neck 3 Bahman Guyuron and Ali Totonchi
Ahmed M. Afifi and Risal Djohan
Part 2: Pediatric plastic surgery: Joseph E. Losee
Section I: Craniofacial Trauma
2 Facial trauma: Soft tissue injuries 23 Section I: Clefts
Reid V. Mueller 22 Embryology of the craniofacial complex 503
3 Facial fractures 49 Maryam Afshar, Samantha A. Brugmann,
Eduardo D. Rodriguez, Amir H. Dorafshar, and Jill A. Helms
and Paul N. Manson 23 Repair of unilateral cleft lip 517
4 TMJ dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea 89 Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M. Samuel Noordhoff,
Stephen A. Schendel and Brinda Thimmappa and Alex Kane
Section II: Head and Neck Reconstruction 24 Repair of bilateral cleft lip 550
John B. Mulliken
5 Scalp and forehead reconstruction 105
Mark D. Wells and Carla Skytta 25 Cleft palate 569
William Y. Hoffman
6 Aesthetic nasal reconstruction 134
Frederick J. Menick 26 Alveolar clefts 584
Richard A. Hopper
7 Reconstruction of the ear 187
27 Orthodontics in cleft lip and palate
Burton D. Brent
management 595
8 Acquired cranial and facial bone deformities 226
Alvaro A. Figueroa and John W. Polley
Renee M. Burke, Robert J. Morin,
and S. Anthony Wolfe 28 Velopharyngeal dysfunction 614
Richard E. Kirschner and Adriane L. Baylis
9 Midface reconstruction 243
Constance M. Chen, Joseph J. Disa, 29 Secondary deformities of the cleft lip, nose,
and Peter G. Cordeiro and palate 631
Evan M. Feldman, John C. Koshy, Larry H. Hollier Jr.,
10 Cheek and lip reconstruction 254
and Samuel Stal
Peter C. Neligan
30 Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery 655
11 Facial paralysis 278
Jesse A. Goldstein and Steven B. Baker
Ronald M. Zuker, Eyal Gur, Gazi Hussain,
and Ralph T. Manktelow Section II: Craniofacial
12 Oral cavity, tongue, and mandibular 31 Pediatric facial fractures 671
reconstructions 307 Joseph E. Losee and Darren M. Smith
Ming-Huei Cheng and Jung-Ju Huang 32 Orbital hypertelorism 686
13 Hypopharyngeal, esophageal, and neck Eric Arnaud, Daniel Marchac, Federico Di Rocco,
and Dominique Renier
reconstruction 336
Peirong Yu 33 Craniofacial clefts 701
James P. Bradley and Henry K. Kawamoto Jr.
14 Salivary gland tumors 360
Stephan Ariyan, Deepak Narayan, and 34 Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis 726
Charlotte E. Ariyan Derek M. Steinbacher and Scott P. Bartlett
15 Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous 35 Syndromic craniosynostosis 749
dysplasia 380 Jeffrey A. Fearon
You-Wei Cheong and Yu-Ray Chen 36 Craniofacial microsomia 761
16 Tumors of the lips, oral cavity, oropharynx, Joseph G. McCarthy, Barry H. Grayson,
and mandible 398 Richard A. Hopper, and Oren M. Tepper
John Joseph Coleman III and Anthony P. Tufaro 37 Hemifacial atrophy 792
17 Carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract 420 Peter J. Taub, Lester Silver, and Kathryn S.Torok
Michael E. Kupferman, Justin M. Sacks, 38 Pierre Robin sequence 803
and Edward I. Chang Christopher G. Zochowski and Arun K. Gosain
18 Local flaps for facial coverage 440 39 Treacher–Collins syndrome 828
Ian T. Jackson Fernando Molina
viii Contents: Volume Three to Volume Five
Section III: Pediatrics 14 Reconstruction of acquired vaginal defects 326
Laura Snell, Peter G. Cordeiro, and Andrea L. Pusic
40 Congenital melanocytic nevi 837
Bruce S. Bauer and Neta Adler 15 Surgery for gender identity disorder 336
Loren S. Schechter
41 Pediatric chest and trunk defects 855
Lawrence J. Gottlieb, Russell R. Reid, and 16 Pressure sores 352
Justine C. Lee Robert Kwon and Jeffrey E. Janis
42 Pediatric tumors 877 17 Perineal reconstruction 383
Sahil Kapur and Michael L. Bentz Hakim K. Said and Otway Louie
43 Conjoined twins 893 Section III: Burns Surgery
Oksana Jackson, David W. Low and Don LaRossa
18 Acute management of burn/electrical injuries 393
44 Reconstruction of urogenital defects: Lars Steinstraesser and Sammy Al-Benna
Congenital 906 19 Extremity burn reconstruction 435
Mohan S. Gundeti and Michael C. Large Lorenzo Borghese, Alessandro Masellis, and
Michele Masellis
20 Cold and chemical injury to the upper
Volume Four: Lower Extremity, Trunk extremity 456
and Burns Dennis S. Kao and John Hijjawi
21 Management of facial burns 468
David Song
Robert J. Spence
Section I: Lower Extremity Surgery 22 Reconstructive burn surgery 500
1 Comprehensive lower extremity anatomy 1 Matthew B. Klein
Ginard I. Henry and Grant M. Kleiber 23 Management of patients with exfoliative
2 Management of lower extremity trauma 63 disorders, epidermolysis bullosa, and TEN 511
Shannon Colohan and Michel Saint-Cyr Abdullah E. Kattan, Robert C. Cartotto, and Joel S. Fish
3 Lymphatic reconstruction of the extremities 92
Ruediger G. H. Baumeister, David W. Chang,
and Peter C. Neligan Volume Five: Breast
4 Lower extremity sarcoma reconstruction 101 James C. Grotting
Goetz A.Giessler and Michael Sauerbier
1 Anatomy for plastic surgery of the breast 1
5 Reconstructive surgery: Lower extremity
Jorge I. de la Torre and Michael R. Davis
coverage 127
Section I: Cosmetic Surgery of the Breast
Joon Pio Hong
2 Breast augmentation 13
6 Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and
G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel
of nerve compression in the lower extremity 151
A. Lee Dellon 3 Secondary breast augmentation 39
Mitchell H. Brown
7 Skeletal reconstruction 174
Stephen J. Kovach and L. Scott Levin 4 Current concepts in revisionary breast surgery 67
G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel
8 Foot reconstruction 189
Mark W. Clemens, Lawrence B. Colen, 5 Endoscopic approaches to the breast 81
and Christopher E. Attinger Neil A. Fine and Clark F. Schierle
Section II: Trunk Surgery 6 Iatrogenic disorders following breast surgery 97
Walter Peters
9 Comprehensive trunk anatomy 220
Michael A. Howard and Sara R. Dickie 7 Mastopexy 119
Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting
10 Reconstruction of the chest 239
David H. Song and Michelle C. Roughton 8.1 Reduction mammaplasty 152
Jack Fisher and Kent K. Higdon
11 Reconstruction of the soft tissues of the back 256
Gregory A. Dumanian 8.2 Inferior pedicle breast reduction 165
Jack Fisher
12 Abdominal wall reconstruction 279
Navin K. Singh, Marwan R. Khalifeh, 8.3 Superior or medial pedicle 177
and Jonathan Bank Frank Lista and Jamil Ahmad
13 Reconstruction of male genital defects 297 8.4 Short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction
Stan Monstrey, Peter Ceulemans, Nathalie Roche, (SPAIR) mammaplasty 194
Philippe Houtmeyers, Nicolas Lumen, and Piet Hoebeke Dennis C. Hammond
Contents ix
8.5 The L short-scar mammaplasty 206
Volume Six: Hand and Upper Extremity
Armando Chiari Jr.
8.6 Periareolar technique with mesh support 216 James Chang
Joao Carlos Sampaio Góes
Introduction: Plastic surgery contributions
8.7 Sculpted pillar vertical reduction mammaplasty 228 to hand surgery xxxvii
Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting James Chang
9 Revision surgery following breast reduction Section I: Introduction and Principles
and mastopexy 242
1 Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand 1
Kenneth C. Shestak
James Chang, Francisco Valero-Cuevas,
Section II: Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast Vincent R. Hentz, and Robert A. Chase
10 Breast cancer: Diagnosis therapy and 2 Examination of the upper extremity 47
oncoplastic techniques 266 Ryosuke Kakinoki
Elisabeth Beahm and Julie E. Lang
3 Diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist 68
11 The oncoplastic approach to partial breast Alphonsus K. Chong and David M.K. Tan
reconstruction 296 4 Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery 92
Albert Losken Jonay Hill, Vanila M. Singh and Subhro K. Sen
12 Patient-centered health communication 314 5 Principles of internal fixation as applied to
Gary L. Freed, Alice Andrews, and E. Dale Collins Vidal
the hand and wrist 106
13 Imaging in reconstructive breast surgery 326 Jeffrey Yao and Christopher Cox
Jaume Masia, Carmen Navarro, and Juan A. Clavero
Section II: Acquired Traumatic Disorders
14 Expander-implants breast reconstruction 336
6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction 117
Maurizio B. Nava, Giuseppe Catanuto, Angela Pennati,
Michael W. Neumeister, Elvin G. Zook,
Valentina Visintini Cividin, and Andrea Spano
Nicole Z. Sommer, and Theresa A. Hegge
15 Latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction 370
7 Hand fractures and joint injuries 138
Scott L. Spear and Mark W. Clemens
Warren C. Hammert
16 The bilateral pedicled TRAM flap 393
8 Fractures and dislocations of the wrist and
L. Franklyn Elliott, John D. Symbas, and
distal radius 161
Hunter R. Moyer
Kevin C. Chung and Steven C. Haase
17 Free TRAM breast reconstruction 411
9 Flexor tendon injury and reconstruction 178
Joshua Fosnot and Joseph M. Serletti
Jin Bo Tang
18 The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator
10 Extensor tendon injuries 210
(DIEAP) flap 435
Kai Megerle and Günther Germann
Phillip N. Blondeel, Colin M. Morrison, and
Robert J. Allen 11 Replantation and revascularization 228
William W. Dzwierzynski
19 Alternative flaps for breast reconstruction 457
Maria M. LoTempio, Robert J. Allen, and 12 Reconstructive surgery of the mutilated hand 250
Phillip N. Blondeel William C. Pederson and Randolph Sherman
20 Omentum reconstruction of the breast 472 13 Thumb reconstruction: Nonmicrosurgical
Joao Carlos Sampaio Góes and Antonio Luiz techniques 282
Vasconcellos Macedo Nicholas B. Vedder and Jeffrey B. Friedrich
21 Local flaps in partial breast reconstruction 482 14 Thumb and finger reconstruction: Microsurgical
Moustapha Hamdi and Eugenia J. Kyriopoulos techniques 295
22 Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex 499 Fu Chan Wei and Wee Leon Lam
Ketan M. Patel and Maurice Y. Nahabedian Section III: Acquired Nontraumatic Disorders
23.1 Congenital anomalies of the breast 521 15 Benign and malignant tumors of the hand 311
Egle Muti Justin M. Sacks, Kodi K. Azari, Scott Oates,
23.2 Poland syndrome 548 and David W. Chang
Pietro Berrino and Valeria Berrino 16 Infections of the hand 333
24 Contouring of the arms, breast, upper trunk, and Sean M. Bidic and Tim Schaub
male chest in the massive weight loss patient 558 17 Management of Dupuytren’s disease 346
Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin Andrew J. Watt and Caroline Leclercq
25 Fat grafting to the breast 582 18 Occupational hand disorders 363
Henry Wilson and Scott L. Spear Steven J. McCabe