Table Of ContentPlasmonic Nanosensors
for Detection of Aqueous
Toxic Metals
Plasmonic Nanosensors
for Detection of Aqueous
Toxic Metals
Edited by
Dinesh Kumar
With contributions from
Rekha Sharma
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 9780367651923 (hbk)
ISBN: 9780367651930 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003128281 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003128281
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
Contents
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ix
Authors .................................................................................................................xi
Abbreviations .....................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Plasmonic Nanosensors: An Introduction .......................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance: Fundamental Principles ........ 2
1.3 Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Associated Colorimetric Sensors ....6
1.3.1 Colorimetric Assay Based on Inter
Nanoparticle Distance with Plasmonic
Nanoparticles ........................................................... 7
1.3.1.1 Electrostatic Interactions ......................... 7
1.3.1.2 Covalent Bonding .................................... 8
1.3.2 Plasmonic Nanoparticle Colorimetric Assay
Based on Nanoparticles’ Size/Morphology ............. 8
1.3.3 Target-Induced Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Etching for Colorimetric Assays ............................. 8
1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ................................... 9
References ..................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2 Plasmonic Nanosensors: Classifcation, Properties,
Applications, and Future Perspectives .......................................... 15
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 15
2.2 Types of Plasmon Modes .................................................... 15
2.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmons ................................. 15
2.2.2 Propagating Surface Plasmons .............................. 16
2.3 Classifcation of the Plasmonic Nanomaterials .................. 16
2.3.1 Based on Dimensions ............................................ 16
2.3.2 Based on the Structural Confguration .................. 17
2.4 Plasmonic NPs .................................................................... 18
2.5 Properties of the NPs .......................................................... 19
2.5.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance.................................. 19
2.5.2 Surface-to-Volume Ratio ....................................... 21
2.5.3 Reactivity............................................................... 22
2.5.4 Quantum Confnement .......................................... 22
2.5.5 Melting Point ......................................................... 22
2.6 Applications of Plasmonic Sensors .................................... 23
v
vi Contents
2.6.1 Chip-Based Plasmonic Sensors .............................23
2.6.2 NP-Based Colorimetric Sensors ............................ 25
2.6.3 Colloidal NP-Based Plasmonic Sensors ................ 26
2.7 Conclusions, Future Perspectives, and Challenges............. 27
References ..................................................................................... 28
Chapter 3 Biogenic Silver and Gold Nanostructures as SPR Based
Sensors for the Detection of Toxic Metal Ions in Aqueous
Media ............................................................................................ 35
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 35
3.2 Heavy Metal Ion Detection Using Biosynthesized
AgNPs ................................................................................ 36
3.3 Detection Heavy Metal Ions Using Biosynthesized
AuNPs................................................................................. 44
3.4 Conclusions, Future Perspectives, and Challenges............. 46
References ..................................................................................... 47
Chapter 4 Chemically Functionalized Silver and Gold Nanostructures
as SPR Based Sensors for the Detection of Toxic Metal Ions
in Aqueous Media ......................................................................... 51
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 51
4.2 AuNPs and AgNPs for the Colorimetric Detection of
Metal Ions ........................................................................... 52
4.3 Chemically Synthesized AuNPs to Detect Heavy
Metals ................................................................................. 52
4.4 Chemically Synthesized AgNPs to Detect Heavy
Metals ................................................................................. 57
4.5 Conclusions, Future Perspectives, and Challenges............. 61
References ..................................................................................... 62
Chapter 5 Paper-Based Plasmonic Nanosensors ............................................ 67
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 67
5.2 Fabrication of Paper-Based Sensors ................................... 68
5.2.1 Choices for Paper .................................................. 68
5.2.2 Patterning and Fabrication .................................... 69
5.3 Quantitative Analysis ......................................................... 69
5.3.1 Colorimetric Detection .......................................... 70
5.4 Challenges in Paper-Based Sensors and Future
Outlooks ............................................................................. 74
References ..................................................................................... 75
Contents vii
Chapter 6 Graphene-Based Nanostructures as Plasmonic Nanosensors ....... 81
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 81
6.2 Properties of Graphene ....................................................... 82
6.3 Nanocomposites for Colorimetric Responses .................... 82
6.4 Heavy Metal Ion Detection ................................................ 83
6.5 Fluorescence Probes Using GQDs ..................................... 86
6.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives ...................87
References ..................................................................................... 88
Chapter 7 Core–Shell Nanostructures as Plasmonic Nanosensors ................ 95
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 95
7.2 Different Shaped NPs .........................................................96
7.3 Classes of Core/Shell NPs .................................................. 96
7.4 Approaches for Synthesis of Core/Shell NP ....................... 96
7.5 Applications of Core–Shell Nanosensors in the
Sensing of Heavy Metals ....................................................97
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives ................................. 104
References ................................................................................... 105
Chapter 8 Quantum Dots as Plasmonic Nanosensors ...................................111
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................111
8.2 Applications of Quantum Dots for the Sensing of
Heavy Metal Ions ..............................................................112
8.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives ..................................119
References ................................................................................... 121
Chapter 9 Nanoporous Membrane-Based Plasmonic Nanosensors ............. 127
9.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 127
9.2 Applications of Nanoporous Membrane for Toxic
Metal Ion Sensing ............................................................. 128
9.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives ................................. 134
References ................................................................................... 135
Chapter 10 Carbon Nanotubes-Based Plasmonic Nanosensors ......................141
10.1 Introduction .......................................................................141
10.2 Detection of Heavy Metal Ions Using Carbon
Nanotubes Sensor ............................................................. 142
10.3 Electrodes Modifed with CNT ........................................ 145
10.4 Conclusion ........................................................................ 150
References ................................................................................... 150
viii Contents
Chapter 11 Nanofber-Based Nanostructures as Plasmonic Nanosensors ..... 155
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 155
11.2 Detection of Heavy Metals using Nanofber-Based
Optical Sensors ................................................................. 156
11.2.1 Fluorescence Technique for Optical Detection ... 156
11.2.2 Colorimetry Technique for Optical Detection .... 159
11.3 Conclusions and Future Outlook ...................................... 166
Acknowledgment ......................................................................... 166
References ................................................................................... 166
Index ..................................................................................................................173
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, praise and thanks to the Almighty for blessing me to complete
the book throughout my work. Writing a book is more challenging than I thought
and more rewarding than I could have ever imagined. None of this would have
been possible without my research supervisor Prof. Dinesh Kumar, School of
Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India. I want
to express my deep and sincere gratitude to him for allowing me to do research
and providing invaluable guidance throughout this work. His dynamism, vision,
sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired me. He has taught me the method-
ology to carry out the work and present this book's writing as clearly as possible.
It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. I am
incredibly grateful for what he has offered me. I would also like to thank him for
his friendship, empathy, and great sense of humor.
Last, but not the least, I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love,
prayers, caring, and sacrifces for educating and preparing me for my future.
Dr. Rekha Sharma, PhD
Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith
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