Table Of Content..
Geophysical Monograph Series
Including
IUGG Volumes
Maurice Ewing Volumes
Mineral Physics Volumes
I
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES
Geophysical Monograph Volumes 22 Derivation, Meaning, and Use of Geomagnetic
Indices P. N. Mayaud
1 Antarctica in the International Geophysical 23 The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of
Year A. P. Crary, 1. M. Gould, E. O. Hulburt, Southeast Asian Seas and Islands Dennis E.
Hugh Odishaw, and Waldo E. Smith (Eds.) Hayes (Ed.)
2 Geophysics and the IGY Hugh Odishaw and 24 Mechanical Behavior of Crustal Rocks: The
Stanley Ruttenberg (Eds.) Handin Volume N. 1. Carter, M. Friedman,
3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur J. M. Logan, and D. W. Stearns (Eds.)
Compounds James P. Lodge, Jr. (Ed.) 25 Physics of Auroral Arc Formation S.-I. Akasofu
4 Contemporary Geodesy Charles A. Whitten and and J. R. Kan (Eds.)
Kenneth H. Drummond (Eds.) 26 Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry David
5 Physics of Precipitation Helmut Weickmann R. Schryer (Ed.)
(Ed.) 27 The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of
6 The Crust of the Pacific Basin Gordon A. Southeast Asian Seas and Islands: Part
Macdonald and Hisashi Kuno (Eds.) 2 Dennis E. Hayes (Ed.)
7 Antarctica Research: The Matthew Fontaine 28 Magnetospheric Currents Thomas A. Potemra (Ed.)
Maury Memorial Symposium H. Wexler, M. J. 29 Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity
Rubin, and J. E. Caskey, Jr. (Eds.) (Maurice Ewing Volume 5) James E. Hansen and
8 Terrestrial Heat Flow William H. K. Lee (Ed.) Taro Takahashi (Eds.)
9 Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas Hyman 30 Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory
Orlin (Ed.) Plasmas Edward W. Hones, Jr. (Ed.)
10 The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume of 31 Point Defects in Minerals (Mineral Physics
Geophysical Studies in Honor of Merle A. Volume 1) Robert N. Schock (Ed.)
Tuve John S. Steinhart and T. Jefferson Smith 32 The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2:
(Eds.) Natural Variations Archean to Present E. T.
11 Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Sundquist and W. S. Broecker (Eds.)
Cycle Glenn E. Stout (Ed.) 33 Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry,
12 The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific and the Environment C. C. Langway, Jr., H.
Area Leon Knopoff, Charles 1. Drake, and Oeschger, and W. Dansgaard (Eds.)
Pembroke J. Hart (Eds.) 34 Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: A
13 The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle Pembroke Tutorial Review Robert G. Stone and Bruce T.
J. Hart (Ed.) Tsurutani (Eds.)
14 The Structure and Physical Properties of the 35 Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere:
Earth's Crust John G. Heacock (Ed.) Reviews of Current Research Bruce T. Tsurutani
15 The Use of Artificial Satellites for and Robert G. Stone (Eds.)
Geodesy Soren W. Henricksen, Armando Mancini, 36 Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory
and Bernard H. Chovitz (Eds.) Studies-The Paterson Volume B. E. Hobbs and
16 Flow and Fracture of Rocks H. C. Heard, I. Y. H. C. Heard (Eds.)
Borg, N. 1. Carter, and C. B. Raleigh (Eds.) 37 Earthquake Source Mechanics (Maurice Ewing
17 Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Volume 6) Shamita Das, John Boatwright, and
Environmental Effects William C. Ackermann, Christopher H. Scholz (Eds.)
Gilbert F. White, and E. B. Worthington (Eds.) 38 Ion Acceleration in the Magnetosphere and
18 The Upper Atmosphere in Motion: A Selection Ionosphere Tom Chang (Ed.)
of Papers With Annotation C. O. Hines and 39 High Pressure Research in Mineral Physics
Colleagues (Mineral Physics Volume 2) Murli H.
19 The Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and Manghnani and Yasuhiko Syono (Eds.)
Its Margin: A Volume in Honor of George P. 40 Gondwana Six: Structure, Tectonics, and
Woollard George H. Sutton, Murli H. Manghnani, Geophysics Gary D; McKenzie (Ed.)
and Ralph Moberly (Eds.) 41 Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology,
20 The Earth's Crust: Its Nature and Physical and Paleontoloty Garry D. McKenzie (Ed.)
Properties John G. Heacock (Ed.) 42 Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated
21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Fractured Rock Daniel D. Evans and Thomas J.
Processes W. P. Olson (Ed.) Nicholson (Eds.)
43 Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls Barbara H. 3 Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean:
Keating, Patricia Fryer, Rodey Batiza, and George W. Continental Margins and Paleoenvironment
Boehlert (Eds.) Manik Talwani, William Hay, and William B. F.
44 Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma T. E. Moore, Ryan (Eds.)
J. H. Waite, Jr. (Eds.) 4 Earthquake Prediction-An International
45 Perovskite: A Structure of Great Interest to Review David W. Simpson and Paul G. Richards
Geophysics and Materials Science Alexandra (Eds.)
Navrotsky and Donald J. Weidner (Eds.) 5 Climate Processes and Climate
46 Structure and Dynamics of Earth's Deep Interior Sensitivity James E. Hansen and Taro Takahashi
(IUGG Volume 1) D. E. Smylie and Raymond (Eds.)
Hide (Eds.) 6 Earthquake Source Mechanics Shamita Das,
47 Hydrological Regimes and Their Subsurface John Boatwright, and Christopher H. Scholz (Eds.)
Thermal Effects (IUGG Volume 2) Alan E.
Beck, Grant Garvin and Lajos Stegena (Eds.) IUGG Volumes
48 Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins
1 Structure and Dynamics of Earth's Deep
and Their Energy and Mineral Resources (IUGG
Interior D. E. Smylie and Raymond Hide (Eds.)
Volume 3) Raymond A. Price (Ed.)
2 Hydrological Regimes and Their Subsurface
49 Slow Deformation and Transmission of Stress
Thermal Effects Alan E. Beck, Grant Garvin and
in the Earth (IUGG Volume 4) Steven C. Cohen
Lajos Stegena (Eds.)
and Petr Vanicek (Eds.)
3 Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins
50 Deep Structure and Past Kinematics of Accreted
and Their Energy and Mineral Resources
Terranes (IUGG Volume 5) John W. Hillhouse
Raymond A. Price (Ed.)
(Ed.)
4 Slow Deformation and Transmission of Stress
51 Properties and Processes of Earth's Lower Crust
in the Earth Steven C. Cohen and Petr Vanfcek
(IUGG Volume 6) Robert F. Merev, Stephan
(Eds.)
Mueller and David M. Fountain (Eds.)
5 Deep Structure and Past Kinematics of Accreted
52 Understanding Climate Change (IUGG Volume
Terranes John W. Hillhouse (Ed.)
7) Andre L. Berger, Robert E. Dickinson and
6 Properties and Processes of Earth's Lower
J. Kidson (Eds.)
Crust Robert F. Merev, Stephan Mueller and David
M. Fountain (Eds.)
Maurice Ewing Volumes 7 Understanding Climate Change Andre L.
Berger, Robert E. Dickinson and ]. Kidson (Eds.)
1 Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches, and Back-Arc
Basins Manik Talwani and Walter C. Pitman III
Mineral Physics Volumes
(Eds.)
2 Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: 1 Point Defects in Minerals Robert N. Schock (Ed.)
Ocean Crust Manik Talwani, Christopher G. 2 High Pressure Research in Mineral Physics
Harrison, and Dennis E. Hayes (Eds.) Murli H. Manghnani and Yasuhiko Syono (Eds.)
Geophysical Monograph 53
Plasma Waves and
Instabilities at Comets
and in Magnetospheres
Bruce T. Tsurutani
Hiroshi Oya
Editors
American Geophysical Union
Associate Editors
R. R. Anderson, A. 1. Brinca, B. Buti, C. F. Kennel, L Kimura, S. Kokubun, W. S. Kurth, H.
Matsumoto, A. Nishida, D. J. Southwood, T. Tamao, R. M. Thorne, and J. S. Zmuidzinas.
Published under the aegis of the AGO Geophysical Monograph Board.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plasma waves and instabilities at comets and in magnetospheres.
(Geophysical monograph; 53)
Invited papers at the Chapman conference held in SendailMt. Zao, Ja
pan, Oct. 12-16, 1987
1. Plasma waves-Congresses. 2. Magnetospheres
Congresses. 3. Comets-Congresses. 1. Tsurutani,
Bruce T. II. Oya, Hiroshi, 1926- III. American
Geophysical Union. IV. Series
QC718.5.W3P53 1989 538'.766 89-6900
ISBN 0-87590-073-9
Copyright 1989 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue,
NW, Washington, DC 20009
Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and
journals if the source is properly cited.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the
internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the American
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Clearance Center (Ccq Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the
base fee of $1.00 per copy, plus $0.10 per page is paid directly to CCC, 21
Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970. 0065-8448/89/$01. + .10.
This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for
creating new collective works or for resale. The reproduction of multiple
copies and the use of full articles or the use of extracts, including figures and
tables, for commercial purposes requires permission from AGU.
Printed in the United States of America.
This work is dedicated to the late Frederick L. Scarf, a pioneer in the study of
plasma waves and instabilities in space. Dr. Scarf was a leading experimentalist
and theorist in the field. Fred also loved to stimulate good work in others, and as
busy as he was, he always found time to help graduate students. We hope this
book carries a bit of Dr. Scarf's spirit and enthusiasm forward to the next
generation of space plasma physicists.
CONTENTS
Preface
B. T. Tsurutani xi
1. Spectra of Plasma Turbulence, Particle Acceleration and Heating by Plasma Waves in the
Interacting Plasma
A. A. Caleev 1
2. Ultra-Low Frequency Waves at Comets
M. A. Lee 13
3. Plasma Wave Observations at Comets Giacobini-Zinner and Halley
F. Scarf 31
4. Particle Scattering and Acceleration in a Turbulent Plasma Around Comets
T. Terasawa 41
5. Particle Simulations of Nonlinear Whistler and Alfven Wave Instabilities: Amplitude
Modulation, Decay, Soliton and Inverse Cascading
Y. Omura and H. Matsumoto 51
6. Review of Ionospheric Turbulence
M. Temerin and P. M. Kintner 65
7. Discrete Electromagnetic Emissions in Planetary Magnetospheres
R. R. Anderson and W. S. Kurth 81
8. Generation of Elf Electromagnetic Waves and Diffusion of Energetic Electrons in Steady and
Non-Steady State Situations in the Earth's Magnetosphere
J. Solomon, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, A. Korth, and C. Kremser 119
9. Acceleration of Thermal Plasma in the Magnetosphere
M. Ashour-Abdalla, D. Schriver, and H. Okuda 135
10. Quasineutral Beam Propagation in Space
K. Papadopoulos, A. Mankofsky, and A. Drobot 149
11. Ray Paths of Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Waves in the Earth and Planetary
Magnetospheres
I. Kimura 161
12. Theory of the Drift Mirror Instability
A. Hasegawa and L. Chen 173
13. Hydromagnetic Waves in the Dayside Cusp Region and Ground Signatures of Flux Transfer
Events
H. Fukunishi and L. J. Lanzerotti 179
14. Characteristics of the Magnetohydrodynamic Waves Observed in the Earth's Magnetosphere
and on the Ground
M. Kuwashima and S. Fujita 197
15. Observations of Non-Thermal Radiation From Planets
M. L. Kaiser 221
16. Theories of Non-Thermal Radiations From Planets
L. C. Lee 239
ix
PREFACE
The following chapters were presented as a tutorial and as invited papers at
the Chapman Conference held in SendaiIMt. Zao, Japan, October 12-16, 1987.
The authors were chosen both for their expertise in their subject matter and also
for their willingness to address an audience of graduate students and newcomers
to the field. We hope they have succeeded. The contributed papers presented at
the conference were published in a special section of the January 1989 issue of
the Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics.
Bruce T. Tsurutani
Hiroshi Oya
xi
Notation
A anisotropy m mass (me, electron mass; mp, proton mass)
a angle between if sw and 80 or pitch angle n normal (ns, shock normal direction)
N number density, particles/cm3
B magnetic field, G or nT
P pressure, dyne/cm2
f3 plasma beta, equal to 81tNkTIB2
1t 3.14159
C wave velocity: CA, Cs
q charge
c velocity of light, equal to 3 x 1010 cm/s
p mass density, g/cm3
r growth rate
S sound: Cs
r
ratio of specific heats s shock: vs
8 deviation, b'B
L summation
E de electric field, statvolts/cm conductivity, s-1
(T
e electron charge, equal to 4.8 x 10-10 statcoulomb T temperature, OK
f distribution function time, s
F function t time constant
(J latitude angle or angle between two vectors, (JkB lP azimuth angle
i ~ ~ potential
J current density V volts
j current v velocity, cm/s
k wave propagation vector X,Y,z Cartesian cordinates
k(T) Boltzmann's constant, equal to 1.38 x 10-16 erg/deg w frequency, radls
K Kelvin n frequency constant (np. proton gyrofrequency;
I length nUm.)
~ wavelength n plasma frequency (ne. electron plasma
M Mach number frequency)
Subscripts
1 upstream (B 1)
2 downstream (V2)
e electron (ne, electron gyrofrequency)
p proton
o
ambient (Bo, ambient magnetic field)
A Alfven (CA=(yP/p)I/2; MA, sonic Mach number)
S sound (CS=(yP/p )1/2; MS, sonic Mach number)
f fast mode (Cr. Mr)
s shock (vs, shock velocity)
n normal component
t tangential
a alpha particle
IT}
w/ respect to B 0
IlllX Ymax' ~
xii
Geophysical Monograph Series Plasma Waves and Instabilities at Comets and in Magnetospheres Vol. 53
SPECTRA OF PLASMA TURBULENCE, PARTICLE ACCELERATION
AND HEATING BY PLASMA WAVES IN THE INTERACTING PLASMA
A. A. Galeev
Space Research Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences,
117810 GSP-7, Moscow, USSR
Abstract. The present state of weak and strong plasma turbulence and tion of suprathermal electrons by strong Langmuir turbulence. The
plasma heating by waves are reviewed, with emphasis on the exact second example illustrates the energy transfer from the ion to the
solutions of the wave kinetic equations, such as the power-law Kol- electron component of a plasma via oblique Langmuir waves. This
mogorov spectra and streamers in k-space. The strong plasma tur- process is of specific importance for magnetospheric physics. For
bulence generated by the modulational instability of linearly excited example, the energy for heating the Earth's plasmasphere and the
waves and their collapse is represented by strong Langmuir turbulence. middle latitude stable red arcs can come only from the energetic ring
Because of stabilizing Landau damping effects on the weak plasma current plasma interacting with the plasmasphere [Cornwall et al.,
instabilities most of the excited waves interact only with suprathermal 1972]. Similar phenomena can take place in the Jovian magnetosphere,
particles and generate the suprathermal tails of the particle velocity where the energetic magnetospheric particles interact with the Io
distribution. This happens also in the process of collisionless energy plasma torus [Thorne, 1983]. But the most basic problem of this kind
transfer from one species of plasma to another, and plays an important is the interaction of the magnetized plasma flow with the neutral gas
role in the interaction of plasmas in planetary magnetospheres and when the avalanche gas ionization starts with the flow velocity higher
comets. This is reviewed here. than the critical one [Alfvdn, 1954]. The necessary condition for such
anomalous ionization is the collisionless transfer of a fraction of the
Introduction plasma kinetic energy to electrons ionizing the gas. The efficiency of
this energy transfer defines the value of the critical velocity.
In collisionless magnetospheric plasmas, wave-particle interactions
It is clear that to calculate the plasma heating or the efficiency of the
play an important role in the heating and acceleration of plasma
energy transfer we first should find the spectrum of turbulence. We can
particles and in the collisionless energy transfer from one species of
do this with the help of current theories of weak and strong plasma
plasma to another. If this interaction is due to the Cherenkov resonance
turbulence. The theory of weak plasma turbulence is based on the
of particles with waves, then the quasilinear diffusion of particles in the
assumption that the turbulent plasma can be described as a gas of
velocity space is necessarily accompanied by the diffusion in energy.
weakly interacting charged particles and plasma waves (plasmons,
Whether this diffusion in energy will result in plasma heating or
phonons, helicons, etc.) [Sagdeev and Galeev, 1969; Kadomtsev, 1966].
particle acceleration depends critically on the spectral energy distribu-
This assumption is valid as a rule when the energy density of the waves
tion of excited waves, i.e., on the spectrum of turbulence. Heating of
is sufficiently smaller than the thermal or magnetic energy density. In
plasma species takes place when waves fall into Cherenkov resonance
contrast to the hydro-dynamical turbulence, here we can use the
with the main body of the velocity distribution of the corresponding
expansion in the small ratio of these energies to obtain a set of well-
species. The classical example of this is the Joule heating of plasma
defined equations to describe the weak plasma turbulence. Therefore
due to the ion sound anomalous resistivity [Galeev and Sagdeev, 1984].
the spectra of turbulence could be obtained in the form of exact
But much more often, weak linear plasma instabilities result in the
solutions of these equations (see review of Zakharov, [1984] for
excitation of waves with phase velocities higher than the thermal
details). In this paper we will limit ourselves to the discussion of the
velocity of the given plasma species. Also, in the case of the developed
physics of energy cascading towards smaller scales in a system of
plasma turbulence the wave energy cascading in k-space can lead to a
resonantly interacting plasma waves and show how to obtain the
wave energy flux from a region of high phase velocity where waves are
power-law Kolmogorov spectra from simple dimensional estimates.
excited linearly to a region of phase velocities of the order of the
We should note here that the low ratio of the wave and plasma energy
particle thermal velocity. In both of these cases a non-Maxwellian tail
densities does not guarantee the validity of the weak turbulence theory.
of suprathermal particles is generated; i.e., acceleration of particles
One of the best known cases of this kind is Langmuir wave turbulence.
takes place instead of plasma heating. In this paper we will consider in
Here the collapse of Langmuir waves [Zakharov, 1972] results in a
detail two examples of this kind. The first one concerns the accelera-
strong interaction of waves in the collapsing plasma cavity. Since the
wave energy again cascades towards smaller scales, we can construct
the Kolmogorov spectrum of the Langmuir turbulence (see review by
Copyright 1989 by the American Geophysical Union. Shapiro and Shevchenko [1984] for details).
1
