Table Of ContentPlasma technologies for textile and apparel
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Plasma technologies for
textile and apparel
Edited by
S. K. Nema
and
P. B. Jhala
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING INDIA PVT LTD
New Delhi
CRC Press Woodhead Publishing India Pvt. Ltd.
Taylor & Francis Group 303, Vardaan House, 7/28, Ansari Road
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Version Date: 20150303
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Contents
Preface ix
Foreword xv
Contributors xix
1. Basics of plasma and its industrial applications in textiles 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electric breakdown of gases 3
1.3 Paschen’s law for gas breakdown 5
1.4 Discharge current-voltage characteristics 6
1.5 Plasma surface interactions 11
1.6 Summary 27
1.7 References 28
2. Atmospheric pressure plasma processing of textiles at FCIPT 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Status of atmospheric pressure plasma in the world 33
2.3 Non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure 36
2.4 Influence of process and plasma parameters and scaling 41
up of system
2.5 Plasma textile interaction 43
2.6 Atmospheric pressure plasma technologies developed at 46
FCIPT for textiles
2.7 Future directions 61
2.8 Summary 61
2.9 References 62
3. Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization of 65
HMDSO on different textile fibres and their studies
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Experimental 67
vi Plasma technologies for textile and apparel
3.3 Characterization 68
3.4 Results and discussion 69
3.5 Summary 87
3.6 References 88
4. In-situ plasma reactions for hydrophobic functionalization 91
of textiles
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Surface properties and wettability 92
4.3 Challenges in hydrophobic functionalization of textiles 95
using atmospheric pressure glow plasma
4.4 Effect of different parameters on plasma reactions 97
4.5 In-situ hydrophobic functionalization of textiles using 98
gaseous precursor
4.6 In-situ hydrophobic functionalization of textile using 113
liquid precursor
4.7 Summary 132
4.8 References 133
5. In-situ plasma reactions for hydrophilic functionalization 135
of textile substrates
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Plasma processing of textiles 137
5.3 Mechanism of hydrophilic finishing 138
5.4 Generation and characterization of plasma 139
5.5 Application of plasma in textile chemical processing 144
5.6 Stability of hydrophilic finish 173
5.7 Breaking strength 181
5.8 Summary 181
5.9 References 184
6. Plasma processing of textiles to enhance their dyeing and 189
surface properties
6.1 Introduction 189
6.2 Classification of plasmas 190
Contents vii
6.3 Plasma interactions with substrate 192
6.4 Plasma processing of textiles 195
6.5 Plasma treatment for enhancing dyeing 200
6.6 Plasma for creating anti-bacterial and anti-flammable 219
fabrics
6.7 Industry relevance of our work 220
6.8 Acknowledgement 221
6.9 References 221
7. Next to skin easy care woolens by plasma and other 231
eco-friendly technologies
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Fabric-evoked itch and prickle 232
7.3 Shrink proofing processes 239
7.4 Future trends 247
7.5 Sources of further information 248
7.6 References 248
8. Low pressure air plasma for processing of silk textiles 255
8.1 Introduction 255
8.2 Classification of silk 255
8.3 Silk formation and properties 256
8.4 Silk wet processing technology 260
8.5 Plasma technology 260
8.6 Materials and methods 261
8.7 Conclusion 270
8.8 References 270
9. RF plasma treatment of Muga silk and its characterization 272
9.1 Introduction 272
9.2 Experimental 274
9.3 Results and discussion 277
9.4 Industrial scale-up and marketing 290
9.5 Conclusion 291
9.6 References 291
viii Plasma technologies for textile and apparel
10. Cold plasma for dry processing, functionalization and 294
finishing of textile materials
10.1 Introduction 294
10.2 Principle of cold plasma treatment of textiles 297
10.3 Low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment of textile 306
materials
10.4 Current situation of plasma technology in textiles 313
10.5 Characterization 315
10.6 Advantages and shortcomings of plasma technology 318
10.7 Conclusions 319
10.8 References 319
11. Nanotitania synthesis and its integration in textiles using 323
plasma technology
11.1 Introduction 323
11.2 Fabric pre-treatment by plasma 327
11.3 Methods of nanomaterial synthesis 327
11.4 Nanotitania synthesis and its application in textiles at 331
FCIPT
11.5 Potential hazards of nanotitania for human skin 341
11.6 Conclusion 343
11.7 Acknowledgement 344
11.8 References 344
12. Plasma textile technology status, techno-economics, 346
limitations and industrial usage potential
12.1 Introduction 346
12.2 Technology status 347
12.3 Industrial use 348
12.4 Techno-economics 356
12.5 Other applications 358
12.6 Challenges and opportunities 359
12.7 Conclusions 359
12.8 References 359
Index 361
Preface
Plasma, the fourth state of matter, is a hot ionized gas consisting of
approximately equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively
charged electrons. Generally non-thermal or cold plasma is used for surface
modification or sterilization of soft materials such as polymers, textiles,
human skin, etc. The plasma consists of free electrons, radicals, ions, UV-
radiation and different excited particles. These reactive species interact with
material and modify both physical and chemical properties mainly at the
surface typically up to 100 nm depth. Cold plasma interaction does not change
the bulk properties of these materials. The cold plasma can be produced at low
pressure as well as at atmospheric pressure and using low frequency, radio
frequency and microwave power sources. Although, low pressure plasma
(in vacuum) can be produced in a large volume easily using less than 600 V
power source, however textile industry demands in-line treatment for large
production. Therefore, plasmas at atmospheric pressure are very useful for
textile treatment and surface modification. Atmospheric pressure plasmas
such as corona discharge, dielectric barrier discharge, atmospheric pressure
glow discharge and atmospheric pressure plasma jet are being used for in-
line continuous treatment of textile materials and providing desired surface
properties. As plasma is a green technology, it does not require large quantity
of chemicals, water and energy for textile treatment. Therefore cold plasma
technology is widely used for surface finishing applications to generate
specific surface properties such as hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, scouring
of cotton; assists in removal of sizing agents, anti-bacterial properties by
depositing nano-silver particles, shrink proofing; to improve dye-uptake
properties, sterilize medical textiles, etc. In the world, few of the companies
have developed plasma systems for in-line and batch processing of textiles, and
these companies offer custom designed plasma machines. These companies
include Dow Corning Plasma Systems (Ireland), Europlasma (Belgium), P2i
(UK), AcXys (France), InspirOn Engineering Pvt. Ltd. (India), etc.
The main objective of this book is to popularize plasma-based technologies
in textile industries and dissemination of knowledge gained over the years by
