Plasma Actuators

325 Pages·2015·46.19 MB·French

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InstitutSupérieurdel’Aéronautiqueetdel’Espace(ISAE)

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KonstantinosKOURTZANIDIS
le
lundi24novembre2014
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Modélisationnumériqued’actionneursplasmapourlecontrôled’écoulement
et discipline ou spécialité
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EDAA:Dynamiquedesfluides,Ingénieriedesplasmas
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Équiped'accueilISAE-ONERAMOIS
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M.Jean-PierreBOEUF(directeurdethèse)
M.FrançoisROGIER(co-directeurdethèse)
Jury:
M.OlivierPASCAL-Président
M.Jean-PierreBOEUF-Directeurdethèse
M.FrançoisROGIER-Co-directeurdethèse
M.VincentGIOVANGIGLI-Rapporteur
M.KyrosYAKINTHOS-Rapporteur
M.JeanLAROUR-Examinateur

Abstract
Asaerodynamicflowcontrolstillremainsoneofthetopsubjectsofresearchintheaerospacescientific
world,newwaystoperformsuchacontrolarebeingconstantlystudied. Microwaveplasmadischargeshave
beenproposedasameanofanon-intrusiveflowcontrolmethodbasedonthecreationofhotspotsofair
(viathecreationofplasmadischarges)whichcaneventuallyinteractwiththeexternalflowandmodifyits
attributesinabeneficialwaytotheaerodynamiccoefficientsofthebodyofinterest. Moreover,othertypesof
plasmaactuators,basedonthemomentumadditionintheflowinsteadofheat,havebeenprovencapableof
positivelymodifyingtheflowaerodynamicfeatures. Nevertheless,thedevelopmentandoptimizationofsuch
actuators,requirefurtherunderstandingofthebasicmulti-scalephysicsinvolved. Experimentscanprovide
suchinformation,buttheyturntobecostlyandincapableofcapturingthecomplexinteractionsinsmallspace
andtimescales. Inthisthesis,weareinterestedinthenumericalmodelingofplasmaflowcontrolactuators,
inordertounderstanddeepertheirnatureandapplicability. Firstly,wepresentthetheorybehindaerodynamic
flowcontrolandplasmaphysicsalongwithaliteraturereviewoftheplasmaactuators’physics,applicability
andeffects. Then,numericalsimulationsperformedusingadaptedtechniquesforeachdifferentactuator,
revealinterestingfeaturesoftheirphysicsandcomplexnature,onthewaytoadeeperunderstandingand
possibleoptimizationoftheirperformanceinaerodynamicflowcontrolapplications. Threetypesofplasma
actuatorsareconsidered: MicrowavePlasmaDischarges(MPD),theDielectricBarrierDischarge(DBD)
andthePlasmaSyntheticJet(PSJ).Concerningmicrowavedischarges,theobjectivesaremorefundamental
thantheothertypesofactuators. Numericalsimulationscanprovidethebasicinformationonthephysics
andcomplexinteractionbetweentheEMwavestheplasmaandthegas,inordertounderstandtheplasma
creation,evolutionandenergybalance. Flowcontrolapplicationsofsuchdischarges,asanenergydeposition
method,havebeenalreadyquitewelldocumentedintheliterature. Inordertoreducethecomputational
cost,anovelimplicitcouplingoftheMaxwellequationswiththemomentumtransferequationforelectrons
hasbeendevelopedwhichwiththeadditionofasimplifiedmodelofplasma-fluidequationshaveenabled
three-dimensionalsimulationsintimedomain. Themicrowavebreakdownandevolutionoftheplasmadue
totheelectromagneticwaveshasbeenstudiednumerically,inordertoquantifytheenergyabsorbedbythe
plasmaandtransferredtoneutralmoleculesasgasheating. CouplingoftheEM-plasmamodelwithanEuler
basedsolveraccountingforrealgaseffects,haverevealedinterestingfeaturesofthecomplexinteraction
betweentheplasmaitselfandthepressureshockwavesformedduetotheintensegasheatingduringthe
plasmabreakdownandevolution. Concerningthetwoothergroupsofactuators,thegoalsofthisthesisis
moreappliedasweareinterestedmostlyonmodelingtheiroperationandconsequentmomentumproduction.
ForthePSJactuator,thenumericalsolverconsistsofthreecouplednumericalmodels: Onedescribingthe
plasmaformationbetweenbothelectrodesinanaxisymmetricalconfiguration,onedescribingtheelectrical
supplybyanexternalgenerator,andalastonethatfocusesontheair’sheatinginthecylindricalcavitywhere
theplasmaisformed,andtheactualoperationoftheactuator. Itusestheenergydistributioncomputedby
thefirstsub-modelassourcetermandcalculatesthejet’sflowmassrate,momentumandenergy,exiting
the cavity at high speeds. An external CFD solver is used to integrate the calculated momentum source
termintoaglobalmodelofaflatplateflow,takingintoaccountturbulenteffects. Lastly,theDBDactuator
model, developedinDTIM/ONERA,Toulouse, consistsofsolvingthemomentumequationsforasetof
simplifiedspeciesandthePoisson’sequation. ThecalculatedbodyforceproducedbytheDBDactuatoris
beingcomparedwithexperimentalresultsandtheinducedwall-jetflowduetothisforceismodeledina
CFDsolver. AsimilarmodeldevelopedinLAPLACE/UPShasbeenusedtoperformparametricstudies
ontheinfluenceofturbulence-studyingdifferentturbulentmodelsinaRANSapproach-aswellasmore
appliedsimulationsforflowcontrolpurposes,includinglaminar-turbulenttransitionoveraflatplateandlift
coefficientmodificationonanairfoilduetoaleadingedgeDBDactuator.Thesestudiesoffernewperspectives
intheunderstandingandtheoptimizationofplasmaactuatorsforflowcontrolpurposes.
Résumé
Cettethèseportesurunenouvelleapprochepourlecontrôled’écoulementaérodynamique. Cettenouvelle
approcheestbaséesurl’utilisationd’actionneursplasma. Lamodélisationnumériquepeutêtreuneoutil
puissanteentrelesmainsdesscientifiquesetdesingénieurspourcomprendre,optimiseretainsiouvrirla
voieàlacommercialisationetl’applicationdecettetechnologie. Lecouplageentrel’électromagnétisme,le
plasmaetl’écoulement,nécessitedesmodèlesetdestechniquesnumériquesavancées. Letravailprésenté
danscettethèse,apourprincipauxobjectifs: ledéveloppementetlavalidationdeméthodesnumériquespour
simulerefficacementlefonctionnementdecertainsdesplusimportantstypesd’actionneursplasma. Nous
noussommesintéressésàtroistypesd’actionneursplasma: lesdéchargesmicro-ondes,ladéchargeàbarrière
diélectrique(DBD)etlejetsynthétiqueplasma(JSP).
Encequiconcernelesdéchargesmicroondes,lesobjectifssontplusfondamentauxquepourlesautres
typesd’actionneurs. Ils’estagitdemieuxcomprendrelacréationduplasma,sonévolutionetdecalculer
l’efficacitéénergétiquededispositifsmicroondesparlasimulationnumérique. Unschémacoupléimplicite
(ADI)-FDTDavecunmodèledeplasmafluidesimplifiéestprésenté.Cetteformulationconservelasimplicité
etlarobustessedessystèmesdeFDTD,toutendépassantlabarrièreducritèredestabilitéCFL.Elleconduit
àuntempsdecalculréduitetlapossibilitéderéaliserdessimulationstridimensionnellesdelaformation
duplasmaetdel’évolutiond’unplasmadansunchampmicro-ondes. Afind’étudierl’énergieabsorbéepar
leplasmaetletransfertverslegazsousformedechaleurainsiquelechangementconsécutifdeladensité
dugaz,unsolveurEuleraétécoupléaveclemodèleEM-plasmaentenantcomptedeseffetsdegazréel.
Diversesvalidationsetapplicationssontensuiteétudiés. Dessimulationstridimensionnellesdeformation
duplasmasontréaliséequimontrentlaformationdestructuresdansunedéchargemicro-ondeslibrement
localisée. Les effets de chauffage de gaz sur le développement d’un "streamer" et la durée d’un volume
pré-ioniséavecdeschampssous-critiquessontégalementcalculés.
Encequiconcernelesdeuxautresgroupesd’actionneurs,lesobjectifsdecettethèseseconcentrentsurla
modélisationdeleurfonctionnementetsurlaproductiond’écoulementquienrésulte. LeJetSynthétique
Plasma a été numériquement étudié par trois modèles couplés. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs
pourl’optimisationduJSPetunemeilleurecompréhensiondesmécanismesquilimitentsesperformances.
L’actionneurDBDaétémodéliséeenutilisantdeuxsolveursdifférentsbaséssurdesmodèlesphysiques
similaires-celuidéveloppéàl’ONERAetl’autreàLAPLACE.Desétudesparamétriquesontmontréque
lesmodèlesdonnentuneestimationassezprécisedelaforceproduiteparleDBDparrapportàdesmesures
expérimentales. Desapplicationsaérodynamiquesdecontrôled’écoulementontdémontréleseffetspossibles
de ces actionneurs pour la transition laminaire - turbulente et l’amélioration de la portance. Ces travaux
ouvrentuneperspectivenouvelledanslaconceptionetl’optimisationdecesactionneurs.
Acknowledgments
RightfromthebeginningofmyenrollmentasaPhDcandidate,Iknewthatitwouldbealongjourneyof
intensework,continuouslearningandpersonaldevelopmentthroughthedifferentphasesthatalmostevery
PhDcandidategoesthrough. DuringthesethreeyearsofmyPhD,Ihadthechance,ormaybebetter,Iwas
luckyenoughtohaveinteractedandbesurroundedbypeoplethatIconsiderasmilestonesforthecompletion
ofmydissertationandmyPhD.
Firstly,Iwouldliketoexpressmyextremegratitudetomytwosupervisors: Thedirectorofmythesis,
Prof. J.P.Boeufandtheco-directorDr. F.Rogier. Withouttheirguidance,deepknowledgeoftheresearch
subjectsandoverallsupervisionofthisthesis,thisdissertationwouldnotbepossible.
Prof. Boeuf,wasthepersonwhointroducedmetothefascinatingworldofplasmaphysicsandhisunique
pedagogicalskillsmotivatedmetolearnmoreanddiscoverthisvastresearchdomain. Despitehisexpertise
inthefield,hewasalwayswillingtodiscussandreturntobasics,inorderformetoclarifynotionsthatwere
unclear. Idoowehim, literately, myPhDonthisfield, aswithouthimIwouldmostprobablyneverget
involvedintheresearchofplasmaactuatorsandtheirapplications.
For Dr. Rogier, it is really hard to find the words that can express my gratitude to him. He was my
everyday supervisor, dealing daily with me and my questions - progress. As an expert of mathematical
modelingandnumericalsimulation,hisknowledgewasawellofgoldforme,andinadditionwithhissuperb
pedagogicalskills,providedtheperfectenvironmenttoworkin. Iwillalwaysadmirehim,forhistranquility,
methodologyandeagerspiritforinnovatingresearchevenindomainsthatareoutsidehisspecialty. Wehave
spentcountlesshoursdiscussingnewmethodsandideasinordertoprogressinthefield,constructedparallel
projectswithotherresearchgroupsandinteractedinadailybasis. Hisbehaviortowardsme,wasalways
leavingmetheimpressionthatheconsidermeasaresearcherandnotastudent-afactthatIappreciated
a lot and motivated me even more during my research. Besides the professional aspects, his personality
and constant help in the various personal problems or issues I encountered during these three years was
overwhelming. IhonestlycannotimagineabettersupervisorforaPhDcandidate.
Iamsincerelygratefultothetworeviewers(andmembersofthejury)ofmythesis,Dr. Giovangigliand
Prof. Yakinthosforthetimespentandtheirextremelyusefulcommentsonmyresearchaswellastotheother
membersofthejury: Dr. LarourandProf. Pascal.
IneedtoexpressalsomygratitudetoalltheothermembersoftheresearchunitsthatIhaveinteracted
with. The team of DTIM, Toulouse, who were all happy to help me in any aspect of my research and
with whom we spent a lot of time discussing over various subjects of everyday life, fixing an excellent
professionalenvironment. IhavetothankespeciallyG.Dufour,withwhomIhaveinteractedgreatlyand
spent many hours discussing scientific issues. All the interns and PhD students that have spent time in
ONERAduringtheseyears,especiallyTomasz,Cristophe,Alexandra. Researchersfromotherdepartments
ofONERA,ToulouseespeciallyX.FerrieresandF.IsaakfromDEMR,D.CaruanaandF.Chedevergnefrom
DMAE,forthediscussionsandresearchworkweperformedtogether. ThepeopleoftheGREPHEresearch
unit at LAPLACE, UPS for their help and interest in my research. G. Sary and T. Richard who worked
asinternsatDTIMunderthesupervisionofDr.Rogier,fortheworkwe’vedoneandtimewe’vespenttogether.
Ofcourse,IneedtothankallofmyclosefriendswhomademystayinFrancemorethanpleasant,gave
me the personal support and provided the necessary equilibrium between work and personal life. Flora,
Kostaras, Julia, Iovi, Simon, Dora, Evangelia, Kushal, Joe, Velgos, Lefteris, Ronan, Aly, Satoshi, allthe
Greekteam,alltheISAEmaster’steam,allmyfriendsinGreece(youknowwhoyouareandyouarealot)
andeveryoneelsewhohelpedmeoutorjusthadabeerwithme.I’dnevermadeitwithoutyou-Iloveyouall!
Ifeelalsotheneedtothankfromthebottomofmyheart,thecountryofFranceforacceptingmeand
giving me the opportunity to perform research in a high level, providing me a fellowship through ISAE,
duringthepastthreeyears.
ThankyouGodforalifethatafewcanhave. Rightnow,wegottokeeptheFaith.
Lastbutnotleast,Iamobligedtothankmyfamily. Thisthesisisdedicatedtomyparents,Antonisand
Maria,fortheirsupport,unlimitedloveandlivingalmostalifetimefortheirchildren,meandmybrother
Stratos. IcanneverrepaybutIhopeyouareproudofyourson.
To my mother, Maria, and my father, Antonis, for
living almost a lifetime for their children.
Sth mhtŁra mou, Mar—a kai (cid:20)o patŁra mou
Ant‚nh. Mas afier‚(cid:1)te th zw(cid:160) (cid:1)s, (cid:1)s
afier‚nw kati el(cid:136)qi(cid:20)o gia na (cid:1)s pw me pol(cid:212)
ag(cid:136)ph Łna meg(cid:136)lo euqari(cid:20)‚.