Plants of North Dakota Manual

96 Pages·2018·0.672 MB·English

by  Alexey Shipunov

Alexey Shipunov
Plants of North Dakota
Manual
Draft,versionFebruary18,2018
Shipunov,Alexey.PlantsofNorthDakota: Manual.VersionFebruary18,2018.96pp.URL:http://ashipunov.
info/shipunov/school/biol_448/nd_manual/nd_manual.pdf
Titlepage: Symphoricarpos(Caprifoliaceae)withfruits.
Thisworkisdedicatedtothepublicdomain
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter1. Keytoplantfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Stepone. Mostremarkablebigfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Steptwo. Unusualplants: cactus,woody,water,sporeplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Stepthree. Group11: Choices,Choices... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
AppendixA.Flowerformulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
AppendixB.Alternativekeytothemostfrequentfamilies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter2. Manualtothecommonlycultivatedtreesandshrubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
AppendixA.Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter3. ManualtotheCompositae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
GroupKey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
GroupA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
GroupB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
GroupC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
GroupD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
GroupE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
GroupF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
GroupG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
GroupH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
GroupJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
SolidagoL.andOligoneuronSmall. (Goldenrods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
ArtemisiaL.(Sagebrush,Sage,Wormwood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
SymphyotrichumNees(AmericanAster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
HelianthusL.(Sunflower) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
HeterothecaCassini,falsegoldenaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter4. ManualtothegeneraofGramineae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
GroupKey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
GroupA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
GroupB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
GroupC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
GroupD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
GroupsE,F,G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
GroupF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
GroupG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter5. ManualtoCyperaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
KeytoGenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter6. ManualtotheLabiataes.l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
KeytoGenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
PlantagoL.,plantain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4
Chapter7. ManualtothePolygonaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
KeytoGenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
EriogonumMichaux,wildbuckweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
FagopyrumMill.,buckweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
FallopiaAdans.,falsebuckweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Persicaria(L.)Mill.,smartweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
PolygonumL.,knotweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Rumex L.,dock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chapter8. ManualtoAmaranthaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
KeytoGenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
AmaranthusL.,amaranth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Atriplex L.,saltbush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
ChenopodiumL.,goosefoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Chapter9. ManualtoSalicaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
KeytoGenera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
PopulusL.,poplar,cottonwood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Salix L.,willow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chapter10. ManualtoPteridophyta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
KeytoClasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
KeytoLycopodiopsida,clubmossesandspikemosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
KeytoEquisetopsida,(Equisetum,horsetails) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
KeytoOphioglossopsida(Botrychium,moonworts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
KeytoPteridopsida,trueferns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Someusefulliterature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Foreword
Thismanualisthecompanionto“FloraofNorthDakota.IllustratedChecklist”(http://ashipunov.info/
shipunov/fnddb2/shipunov20170614_flora_of_north_dakota_illustrated_checklist.pdf) of the same
author.
Ontheonehand,itislargely incompletebecauseitdoesnotincludemanyimportantplantgroups(like
sedge family or keys to grasses below genera); on the other hand, it covers many important taxa (like aster
familyorbuckwheatfamily),andespeciallythosewhichareavailableinthefallandalsothosewhichunder-
standingchangedsignificantlyfromthetimesofthe“FloraofGreatPlains”.
Italsoincludestheoriginalfamilykeywhichisdifferentfrommostofexistingkeysofthiskind: itismuch
shorterandallowstodetermineimportantfamiliesonthefirststeps.
Otherkeysareatleastpartlycompilation,informationwastakenfromthe“FloraofNorthAmerica”(http:
//efloras.org),“Manual of MontanaVascular Plants”(Lesica,2012),“Flora of Colorado”(Ackerfield,2012)
andofcourse“FloraofGreatPlains”(1986).
Chapter 1
Key to plant families
As a rule,you should have plant with stems,leaves and flowers at hands. In some cases,you must also have
fruits(Cruciferae,Umbelliferae)andundergroundparts(Cyperaceae,Gramineae). Plantswithfruitsonly(in-
steadofflowers)aresometimesalsopossibletoidentify,butthatwillrequiremanyguesses. Itisnotpossible,
however, to determine plants without reproductive structures with keys below. Moreover, as far as I know,
therearenosuchkeysforNorthAmericanflora(exceptonekeyforgrasses)andonlyfewintheotherpartsof
theworld. Exceptionarewoodyplantswhichsometimesareidentifiableifonlyvegetativeshoots(stemswith
leavesandbuds)areavailable.
Ifyouthinkthatyourplantbelongstooneof10mostwidespreadNorthDakotaplantfamilies,youmaywant
toignore“big”stepkeybelowandgodirectlytothelastappendixwitha“short”key.
Step one. Most remarkable big families
Compare your plant with each description. If there is no correspondence, go to the second step. It is safe
enoughtogodirectlytoStepTwo,oreventoStepThree(iftheplantisa“typical”herbaceousfloweringplant).
Inthelastcase,however,youmightwanttocomebackhereagain(whenadvisedinthetext).
Group 1. Herbaceous plants,sometimes also shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite,without stipules. Small
flowersgatheredintheflower-like inflorescencewiththereceptacleandinvolucralbracts(modifiedleaves
envelopingtheinflorescence).Stamensfused.Fruitseed-likeachene,frequentlywithhairyortoothedattach-
mentdevelopedfromsepals. ∨↑K C A G ,orunisexual,orsterile1 ...........................
0∨5 (5∨3) (5) (2)
..........................(cid:66)....................................... FamilyCompositae(Asteraceae).
Checkcarefully.Whattheythinkisasingleflower,couldactuallybeaninflorescence! Ifthis“flower”ismadeofmultiple
butsimilarparts,thatisafirstsignofCompositae.
Group 2. Herbaceous plants, usually perennial with underground rhizomes. Stems green, upright, bear
linearleaveswithparallelvenationandsheaths(sometimesleavesreduced). Flowerssimplified,notshowy,
withbractscalesandscalysimpleperianth(ifany),invariousinflorescences. Fruitdry.
1. Stemishollowbetweenfilled nodes. Leavesflat,foldedlengthwise,withoutkeel. Flowersinspikelets,
everyflowerusuallyhas2flowerscales. Fruitseed-like. ↑P A G orunisexual ...............
2∨3 [3–1]∨6 (2)
................................................................. FamilyGramineae(Poaceae).
– Stemisnothollowbetweenfillednodes.Leavesflat,non-flatorreduced.Thereisoneflowerscale,iftwo,
thenflowersarenotinspikes ................................................................2.
2. Flowers in spikes. Leaves (if present) with sharp keels. Stem sometimes with three edges. Tepals are
frequentlyreducedintoscalesorhairs. Fruitisanutlet. ↑∨ P A G orunisexual ............
0–6 3∨2 (3∨2)
.....................................................(cid:66)..................... FamilyCyperaceae.
– Flowerssolitaryorinsmallclusters. Leavestubularorflat,withoutkeels. Perianthisnotreduced. Fruit
isacapsule. P A G .................................................FamilyJuncaceae.
3+3 [3+3]∨3 (3)
(cid:66)
1Fruitandformuladataprovidedtomakeidentificationmoreefficient,buttheyarenotabsolutelynecessaryforidentificationand
doesnottakepartinkeys.
Steptwo. Unusualplants: cactus,woody,water,sporeplants 7
= Flowers either in terminal spadices or in round heads. Leaves without keels,more or less flat. Perianth
reduced,scalyorhairy. Fruitisanut. P A ∨ P G ........................ FamilyTyphaceae.
3–6 3 3–6 1
(cid:66) (cid:66) (generaTyphaandSparganium)
Group 3. Herbaceousplants. Leaveswhole,withwholemargin,opposite,mainlywithonlyonecentralvein
visible(hyphodromous). Flowerswhiteorpink,indichotomously branched inflorescences. Fruitisacap-
sule. K C A G ............................................... FamilyCaryophyllaceae.
5∨(5) 5∨0 5∨10 (3∨5)
(cid:66)
Group 4. Herbaceous plants, sometimes also trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, compound, with stipules.
Flower usually with keel and banner (“papilionate”). Fruit is a pod (legume),with two valves and no central
wall. ↑K C A G ..............................FamilyLeguminosae(Fabaceae).
(5∨3) [1,2,(2)]∨(1,2,2) [1,(4+5)]∨(10) 1
There are few remarkable exceptions from the typical papilionate flower. For example, Amorpha has only one petal
(↑K C A G ),whereasGleditsiaandDaleahave“normal”,usually5-merousflowers(forexample,Daleaflowerformula
(5) 1 (10) 1
is K C A G ).However,structureofpistilandfruitisstablewithinlegumes.
(5) 5 (5)∨(9–10) 1
(cid:66)
Group 5. Herbaceous plants,rarely sub-shrubs. Many representatives have pubescent,quadrangular stem
with opposite (sometimes alternate) leaves having pungent smell of essential oils when crushing. In flow-
ers, the most typical combination of characters is 5 fused sepals, 4 or 5 petals making two flower lips, 4
stamens and 2-celled superior ovary. Fruit is a capsule or consists of several (usually four) nutlets. ↑ ∨
K C A G ................................ FamilyLabiataes.l. (Lamiaceae).
(5) (2,3)∨(5)∨(4) [2,2]∨2 (2×2)∨(2)∨(1)
(cid:66)Herefamilyisunderstoodintheradicallybroadway,itincludesplantswhicharetypicallylistedunderScrophulariaceae,
Plantaginaceae,Lentibulariaceae,Orobanchaceae,Phrymaceae,Pedaliaceae,Bignoniaceae,Verbenaceaeandsomeother
families.Inmostofthesecases,theirpreviousaffiliationsarelistedbelow.
Group 6. Herbaceous plants, rarely sub-shrubs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence is a panicle, flowers are
typically cross-shaped, yellow or white (sometimes purple). Fruit is usually a siliqua, with two valves and
centralwallwithseeds. K C A G ........................... FamilyCruciferae(Brassicaceae).
4 4 2+4∨∞ (2)
Herefamilyis understood(cid:66)inthe broadway,it includesplantswhich aretypicallylisted elsewhereunder Capparaceae
(Cleome and Polanisia). These two genera have triple or palmate leaves, multiple stamens and pistil on the pedicel
(gynophore).
Group7. Herbaceousplants. Stemishollow.Leaves,asarule,heavilydissected,alternate,containessential
oils(careful,somerepresentativesarepoisonouswhendigested!). Flowerssmall,withminutecalyx,whiteor
yellow-greenpetals,gatheredintodoubleumbels(sometimesalsointoheads).Antherscomeoutofthedisk
locatedonthetopofovary. Fruitisasegmentedschizocarpoftwomericarps. ∨↑K C A G ...........
5 5 5 (2)
.................................................................. Fam(cid:66)ilyUmbelliferae(Apiaceae).
***
Anotherremarkablefamiliyisherbaceous(inNorthDakota)Polygonaceae. Mostofitsrepresentativesareeasilyrec-
ognizablebythepresenceofsimpleleaveswithocrea: leatheryorfilmy“sleeve”growingupwardsalongthestemfrom
thebaseofleaf. Stemnodesusuallyswollen. Flowerssmall,usuallyindenseinflorescences. Fruitisathree-edgednut.
P A G ..............................................................FamilyPolygonaceae.
(4∨5)∨3–6 5–9 (3)
(cid:66)
Step two. Unusual plants: cactus, woody, water, spore plants
Iftheplantisnot“unusual”,gotothethirdstep.
A. Cacti: stemsucculentswithspinesandareoles. Fruitisaberry. K∞C∞A∞G(∞) ....FamilyCactaceae.
– Notcacti ................................................(cid:66)................................. B.
8 Keytoplantfamilies
B. Woodyplants,theirperennialabovegroundstemstemaccumulatessecondarytissues,atleastatthebase
.......................................................................... Group8(gotop.8)
– Herbaceousplants ......................................................................... C.
C. Truewaterplants—completelysubmergedintowaterorfloatingonthewatersurface,onlyflowerssome-
timesareabovethelevelofwater .......................................... Group9(gotop.12)
– Terrestrialplants(theymightgrowinwaterbutinthatcasetheirstemsarenotcarriedwithwater) ... D.
D. Plantswhichneverhaveflowers,reproducingwithspores .................... Group10(gotop.14)
Thiskeyincludesonlyvascularplantssomossesarenotcovered.Iftheplanthasnoflowers,thisdoesnotmeanthatitisaspore
plant.Pleasefindsporangiafirst.
– Seedplants ............................................................. Group11(gotop.16)
Group8. Woodyplants. Trees,shrubs,sub-shrubs(plantswoodyonlyatthebase),andwoodyvines.
Woody species of the described above Step One“most remarkable big families”Leguminosae (Amorpha,
Caragana,Halimodednronandothers)andCompositae(Artemisia,Gutierreziaandothers)arenotincluded
below. This key also does not include tools for identification trees and shrubs in winter,without leaves.
Pleaseseerecommendedliteratureintheendofthemanual.
Therefore,ifnotsure,checkStepOneforLeguminosaeandCompositae,andifnot,gobackhere.
1. Leavesareneedle-likeorscale-like ...........................................................2.
– Leavestypical,blade-like ....................................................................5.
2. Plantswithoutflowers,theybearconesinstead(whichsometimesareberry-like). Frequently,plantsare
evergreenandrichofresins .................................................................3.
– Plantswithsmallpinkflowersinspikes,nocones. Deciduous,noresins. Leaves1–2mmsize,scale-like,
alternate. Fruitisacapsulewithhairyseeds. K C A G .................. FamilyTamaricaceae.
5 5 5+5 (3)
(cid:66) (genusTamarix)
3. Needlesorscalesoppositeorwhorled,brachyblastsabsent ................... FamilyCupressaceae.
– Needlesalternateorarrangedingroupsontheshortshoots(brachyblasts) ........................4.
4. Needleswiththemiddleveinvisiblefromabove. Conesarered,berry-like .......... FamilyTaxaceae.
(genusTaxus)
SometimescultivatedinNorthDakota.
– Needles without visible middle vein or with middle vein visible only from beneath. Cones are woody
.............................................................................FamilyPinaceae.
5 (2). Palmoids (rosette woody plants, Corner model): unbranched short woody stem bears multiple long
sharplinearleaves. Fruitisacapsule. P A G ......................... FamilyAsparagaceae.
3+3 3+3 (3)
(cid:66) (genusYucca)
Sometimes,yuccas(Yucca)aretreatedasmembersofAgavaceae.
– Notpalmoids ..............................................................................6.
6. Followthetablebelow:
Leavessimple,wholeorlobed Leavescompound
Leavesalternate ........................... 7. .............. 27.
Leavesopposite(orwhorled) .......................... 31. .............. 40.
***
Leavessimple,wholeorlobed,alternate.
Steptwo. Unusualplants: cactus,woody,water,sporeplants 9
7. Woodyvines ...............................................................................8.
– Trees,shrubs,sub-shrubs ................................................................. 11.
8. Venationacrodromous. Flowersinumbels. Fruitisaberry. P A G ........ FamilySmilacaceae.
3+3 3+3 (3)
(cid:66) (genusSmilax)
– Venationpterodromous .....................................................................9.
= Venationactinodromous(bestseenatthebaseofleaf) ........................................ 10.
9. Flowersinracemes.Leavesarealwayswhole. Fruitisathree-valvedcapsulewhichopenstoreleaseseeds
coveredwithbrightlycoloredredaril. K C A G .......................... FamilyCelastraceae.
(4) 4 4 (3)
(cid:66) (Celastrusscandens)
– Flowerssolitaryorindichasia(dichotomouslybranchedinflorescenses). Leavessometimeslobedordis-
sected. Fruitisaberry. K C A G ....................................... FamilySolanaceae.
(5) (5) 5 (2)
(cid:66)
10 (8). Leaveswithpiloseortoothedmargins,wholeorlobed. Tendrilspresent. Fruitisaberry. K C A G
5 5 5 (2)
............................................................................. Fami(cid:66)lyVitaceae.
– Leafmarginswithoutsmallteeth(butleavesaresometimeslobed). Notendrils. Fruitisamultipledrupe.
P A G ................................................... FamilyMenispermaceae.
[0∨3]+3+3 3+3 3∨6
(cid:66)
11 (7). Leaves 2-ranked (i.e., most of leaves on the terminal branches are more or less in one plane), with
asymmetricbase ......................................................................... 12.
– Leavesarenot2-rankedandwithasymmetricbase ........................................... 13.
12. Fruitisasolelywingednut. P A G ......................................FamilyUlmaceae.
(4–6) 4–6 1
(cid:66) (genusUlmus)
– Fruitisadrupe. P A G ................................................ FamilyCannabaceae.
(5) 5 1
(cid:66) (genusCeltis)
13 (11). Leaveswithactinodromousvenation,usuallywide,moreorlessheart-shaped ............... 14.
– Leavesmorenarrow,venationdifferent ..................................................... 16.
14. Shrubs,sometimesspiny. Fruitisaberry. K C A G ................ FamilySaxifragaceae.
(5∨4) 5∨4 5∨4 (2)
(cid:66) (genusRibes)
Currantsandgooseberries(Ribes)aresometimesconsideredasmembersofGrossulariaceae.
– Trees,nospines .......................................................................... 15.
15. Leaveswhole. Inflorescencewithfewshowybisexualflowersandasoleconspicuousbract. Fruitisanut.
K C A G .............................................................. FamilyMalvaceae.
5 5 ∞ (3)
(cid:66) (genusTilia)
Sometimes,lindens(Tilia)arelistedunderitsownfamily,Tiliaceae.
– Leaveswholeorlobed. Inflorescencesunisexual,catkins(male)orheads(female)withoutbracts. Fruitis
acompounddrupe. P A ∨P G ............................................. FamilyMoraceae.
4 4 4 (2)
(genusMorus)
16 (13). Semi-desert and dry prairie shrubs with narrow leaves, hyphodromous (sometimes also pterodro-
mous)orapodromousvenationandusuallywingedfruits ......................................17.
– Plantswiththecombinationofcharactersdifferentfromtheabove ............................. 18.
17. Leavesnotsucculent,coveredwithatleastfewtrichomes,withhyphodromous(orpterodromous)vena-
tion. Fruitisanut,sometimeswinged. P A G orunisexual ............FamilyAmaranthaceae
3–5 1–5 (2)
Inthepast,woodygeneraofthisfamilywerepla(cid:66)cedinChenopodiaceae.
– Leavescurved,succulent,glabrous,apodromous. Fruitisawingednut. P G 2)∨A ................
1 ( 2–4
...................................................................... FamilyPhytolaccaceae.
(Sarcobatusvermiculatus)
TheseplantswereformerlytreatedinthefamilyChenopodiaceae,andnowfrequentlyinitsownfamily,Sarcobataceae.
10 Keytoplantfamilies
18 (16). Small spiny shrubs. Leaves concentrated in multiple groups along the stem. Flowers 3-merous,in
racemes. K C A G ................................................FamilyBerberidaceae.
3+3 3+3 3+3 1
(cid:66) (genusBerberis)
– Notbarberries: plantswiththecombinationofcharactersdifferentfromtheabove ............... 19.
19. Plantsdioecious(therearemaleandfemaleplants).Leavesoftennarrowlylanceolate,withstipules.Buds
areeitherstickyfromresin,orcoveredwithonecup-shapedscale. Fruitisabivalvedcapsulecontaining
hairyseeds. A ∨G ..................................................... FamilySalicaceae.
3–20 (2)
– Notwillowsorpoplars: plantswiththecombinationofcharactersdifferentfromtheabove ........ 20.
20. Leaves, annual stems and fruits covered with shining, flat trichomes. Ovary inferior. Fruit is a drupe.
P A G ,orunisexual ............................................... FamilyElaeagnaceae.
(2–4) 4 (2)
(cid:66) (genusElaeagnus)
– Notsilverberries: plantswiththecombinationofcharactersdifferentfromtheabove ............. 21.
21. Leaveswithunder-foldedmargins. Small,evergreen,sometimescreepingshrubs. Leavesalsowithhairs
and/ordottedglands. Fruitisacapsule(Ledum)orberry(Arctostaphylos). K C A G ...........
(5) (5)∨5 5 (5)
..................................................................(cid:66).......... FamilyEricaceae.
Incultivation,onemayfindalsoacommonboxwood,BuxussempervirensfromBuxaceae(fruitisacapsule,flowerP A ∨P G ).
4 4 2–4 (3)
Boxwoodsalwayshavesmoothleaves,withouthairsorglands.
– Notericoidshrubs: leaveswithoutunder-foldedmargins ...................................... 22.
22. Trees, sometimes shrubs with unisexual non-conspicuous flowers in catkins or small clusters. Fruit is
etheracornornut,wingedornotwinged. Ovaryinferior ...................................... 23.
– Flowersmoreorlessshowy,bisexual. Fruitsarenotnutsoracorns ............................. 24.
23. Leavespinnatelylobed,lobesunequal. Budscoveredwithmultipletilingscales. Malecatkinsloose. Fruit
isanut-likeacorn. P A ∨ P G ..................................... FamilyFagaceae.
(5–9) 5–10 ∞ (2)
(cid:66) (cid:66) (genusQuercus)
– Leaves whole or only slightly lobed,with serrate or toothed margin. Buds with few scales. Male catkins
dense. Fruitisanut,withorwithoutwing. P A ∨P G .............FamilyBetulaceae.
0∨2∨(4) 4–12 0∨(∞) (2)
24 (27). Leaveswithwelldevelopedstipules. Fruitisapome(apple-like)ordrupe(cherry-like).
K C A G ∨G ......................................................... FamilyRosaceae
(5) 5 ∞ 1 (2–5)
– (cid:66)Leaveswithoutstipules,fruitisadrupeorcapsule ............................................ 25.
25. Secondaryveinsarenotarcuate. Fruitsarecapsulesordrupes ................................. 26.
– Secondaryveinsarcuate. Shrubsorsmalltrees. Fruitisablackorreddrupe. K C A G ......
(4∨5) 4∨5 4∨5 (2)
....................................................................(cid:66)..... FamilyRhamnaceae.
26. Smallprairieshrubsorsub-shrubs. Fruitisathree-celledcapsule. K C A G .... FamilyCistaceae.
2+3 5 ∞ 3
– Smallforestshrubs. Fruitsarereddrupes,typicallygatheredinsma(cid:66)llclusters. P(4)A8G(2) ...........
......................................................................(cid:66)FamilyThymelaeaceae.
(genusDirca)
= Smallprairiesub-shrubs. Fruitarenuts,interminalinvolucrateumbelsorheads. P A G ..........
(6) 9 (3)
........................................................................ FamilyPolygonaceae.
(genusEriogonum)
***
Leavescompound,alternate.
27 (6). Woody vines with tendrils. Leaves triple or palmately compound or dissected. Fruit is a berry.
K C A G ................................................................. FamilyVitaceae.
5 5 5 (2)
– (cid:66)Notgrapes: shrubs(sometimescreeping,butinthatcasewithouttendrils)ortrees ............... 28.
28. Leavesdoublepinnateortripleandthenpinnate. Fruitisaberry. K C A G ... FamilyAraliaceae.
0∨5 5 5 (5)
(cid:66) (genusAralia)