Table Of ContentK. Suzuki, K. Ishii, S. Sakurai, S. Sasaki (Eds.)
Plantation Technology in Tropical Forest Science
K. Suzuki, K. Ishii, S. Sakurai, S. Sasaki (Eds.)
Plantation Technology in
Tropical Forest Science
With 46 Figures
^ S p ri
inger
Kazuo Suzuki, Dr. Agr.
Professor
College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
Katsuaki Ishii, Dr. Agr.
Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute
1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
Shobu Sakurai, Dr. Agr.
Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute
1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
Satohiko Sasaki, Ph.D.
Professor
College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
1866 Kameino, Fujisawa 252-8510, Japan
ISBN-10 4-431 -28053-7 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-4-431-28053-8 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
This book is intended to be a record of the Biotechnology-Assisted Re/Afforestation
Project in the Asia-Pacific Region (BIO-REFOR) since 1992, conducted in coop
eration with the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (lUFRO).
The purpose of the project is to promote exchanges of information of fundamental
research on indigenous species in the Asia-Pacific Region in order to restore natural
forests.
The production, cultivation, and maintenance of forest tree species provide highly
sustainable production systems that conserve soils, the microenvironment, and
biodiversity The key technology for biomass production of forests is propagation
via micropropagation or traditional propagation. However, there are many recalci
trant species among useful forest trees to be propagated in large numbers. Recent
advances in mycorrhizal technology and in vitro culture have made it possible to
commercially propagate useful trees for re/afforestation.
In this book, comprehensive information is provided on propagation, mycor
rhizal inoculation, and reforestation of economically and environmentally impor
tant forest trees, information that usually is available only in widely scattered re
sources. Here, we include a wide area of the ecology and physiology of dipterocarps
as a general overview, and then cover propagation techniques, mycorrhizal symbio
sis, man-made forests, and biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific region.
Our purpose is to provide information on the progress being made in biotechnol
ogy-assisted re/afforestation. In vitro culture combined with mycorrhizal inocula
tion has become a powerful tool for large-scale increases in forest trees, conserva
tion of biodiversity, and reforestation—comprehensive information that until now
has been difficult to find in one volume. This compilation provides a valuable re
source for scientists, students, policy makers, and industrialists concerned with re
forestation.
We would like to express our sincere thanks for the financial support of Japan's
OD A for the BIO-REFOR project as well as support for this book by a Grant-in-Aid
for Publication of Scientific Research Results from the Japan Society for the Promo
tion of Science. Finally, we are very grateful to Dr. Masaya Masumori of the Univer
sity of Tokyo for his work in the preparation of this book.
The Editors
Contents
Preface V
Part I General Overview
1 Ecology and Physiology of Dipterocarpaceae
S. SASAKI 3
2 Forest Genetics for Sustainable Forest Management
J. BURLEY 23
3 Recent Developments in Vegetative Propagation Techniques and
Their Application for Tropical Forest Trees
K. IsHii 31
4 The Significance of Mycorrhizae in Forest Ecosystems
K. SUZUKI 41
5 Plantation Forestry in the Tropics
S. SAKURAI 53
Part II Propagation Techniques for Tropical Forest Trees
A. Cutting Technology
6 Vegetative Propagation of Dipterocarp Species by Stem Cuttings
Using a Very Simple Technique
D.H.AHMAD 69
7 Assessment of the Relative Amenability to Vegetative Propagation by
Leafy Cuttings of 14 Tropical and Subtropical Eucalyptus and
Corymbia Species
A. BAKER and S. WALKER 79
VII
VIII Contents
8 Production of Cuttings in a Peat Swamp Species from Sarawak, Malaysia
A. KiTAOKA, Y. UcHiMURA, and H. ASAISHI 89
9 Developments in Dipterocarp Propagation Research in the Philippines
M. POLLISCO 101
B. Tissue-Culture Technology
10 An Updated Overview of Advances in Somatic Embryogenesis in
Forest Trees
S.M.JAIN 113
11 Comparative Studies on the Survival and Growth of Seedlings and
In Vitro-Raised Plants of Shorea robusta and Dipterocarpus turbinatus
S.ROY 123
12 Tissue Culture oiSwietenia macrophylla King (Big-Leaf Mahogany)
E. MARUYAMA 131
13 Micropropagation of Shorea roxburghii and Gmelina arborea by
Shoot-Apex Culture
K. NAKAMURA 137
14 Tree Tissue Culture and Ex Vitro Sand Rooting for Reforestation
H.K. SAIJU 151
Part III Use of Mycorrhizae Symbiosis for Dipterocarp Forests
15 Mycorrhizal Research in Malaysian Plantation Forestry
S.-S.LEE 157
16 Remarks on the Mycorrhizae of Some Tree Species in Vietnam
N.S. GiAO 167
17 Mycorrhizal Formation and Growth of Shorea leprosula in Bukit Suharto
After Using Charcoal and Rockphosphate
SuHARDi, E. FARIDAH, E. ISKANDAR, and S. RAHAYU 175
18 Inoculation Method of Scleroderma columnare onto Dipterocarps
M. OGAWA 185
19 Competitiveness of Two Strains of Pisolithus tinctorius on Seedlings of
Three Dipterocarp Species Under Nursery and Field Conditions
Y.S. CHANG, S.S. LEE, F. LAPEYRIE, and M.S. YAZID 199
20 Ectomycorrhizas of Dipterocarps in Logged-Over Forests and Plantations
J. KiKUCHi 207
Contents IX
Part IV Man-Made Forests and Biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region
21 The Role of Industrial Forest Plantations in Supporting Pulp and
Paper Industries: A Case Study in South Sumatra, Indonesia
B.H. SAHARJO 213
22 Planting Techniques and Growth of Dipterocarps in an Abandoned
Secondary Forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
K. MATSUNE, R. SODA, SUNYOTO, T. TANGE, S. SASAKI, and SUPARNO 221
23 Effect of Enrichment Planting on Restoring the Logged-Over
Dipterocarps in a Tropical Rainforest of Central Sumatra
Y. OKIMORI, J. KiKUCHi, and S. HARDIWINOTO 231
24 Effects of Periodic Drought on Gas Exchange and Phyllode Water Status
of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis Growing on Sand Tailings
L. ANG, Y. MARUYAMA, C. MULLINS, and W. SEEL 239
25 Reforestation and Biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region
J. KiKKAWA 247
26 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forests:
Socioeconomic Problems with Farm-Forestry of Rainforest
Timber Production in North Queensland
N. STORK, S. HARRISON, J. HERBOHN, and R. KEENAN 265
Subject Index 283
Parti
General Overview
1
Ecology and Physiology of
Dipterocarpaceae
SATOHIKO SASAKI
Dipterocarpaceae is a plant family of large tree species that is widely distributed in
the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia. In Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia, natu
ral forests consist of dipterocarp timber, such as Meranti, Kapur, Keruing, Mersawa,
and Resak. The trees in Dipterocarpaceae are large, exceeding 50 m in height and 1
m in diameter, and they spread large, dense canopies over the jungle. The forest is
very dark because of the thick canopy layer and there is little ground vegetation.
However, these dense natural forests have become scarce due to exploitation and the
pressure to convert them into other land uses. In order to maintain and rehabilitate
these dipterocarp forests, and also to establish sustainable timber production, it is
necessary to understand the fundamental characteristics of dipterocarp species.
1.1 Distribution of Dipterocarpaceae
The taxonomy, distribution, and basic characteristics of species in Dipterocarpaceae
were comprehensively studied by Symington (1943). He ended his life in a state of
depression without seeing the publication of his book, Malayan Forest Records No.
16, Forester's Manual ofDipterocarps. However, his ideas, comprehensive studies,
and observations are still valid. This chapter begins with a discussion of the distribu
tion oiDipterocarpaceae, mainly following Symington's theory (Table 1).
1.1.1 Monotoideae
There are two sub-families in Dipterocarpaceae, Monotoideae and Dipterocarpoideae.
Monotoideae is found only in Africa, with a wide distribution from East Africa through
Central Africa to Nigeria. This sub-family is composed of two genera, Marquesia
and Monotes. Although Symington (1943) did not realize the presence of
Dipterocarpaceae in Madagascar, a species of Monotes has recently been reported
Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
Tel: +81 466 843615; Fax: +81 466 843619
S. Sasaki
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