Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data

567 Pages·2009·28.467 MB·English

by  Tod F. Stuessy

Plant Taxonomy
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Plant Taxonomy
The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data
Second Edition
Tod F. Stuessy
Professor of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany
U n i V e R s i t Y o F V i e n n a
C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S N E W Y O R K
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Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
Copyright © 2009 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stuessy, Tod F.
Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data / Tod Stuessy—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-14712-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-231-51864-2 (ebook : alk. paper)
1. Plants—Classification I. Title

QK95.S78 2008
580.1´2—dc22
2008028614
∞
Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
This book is printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is
responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
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To
James C. Benton
W. Preston Adams
B. L. Turner
Inspiring teachers of biology, systematics,
and the world at large
and
Friedrich Ehrendorfer
Critical researcher, enthusiastic scientist,
and supportive friend
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Contents
Preface to the First Edition ............................................................... xv
Preface to the Second Edition ...........................................................xvii
Acknowledgments for the First Edition ..................................................xix
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition ............................................... xxi
PA RT ONE Principles of Taxonomy .................................................. 1
Section 1 The Meaning of Classifi cation ............................................................ 3
chapter 1 A Few Defi nitions ........................................................... 5
Classifi cation, Taxonomy, and Systematics .................................... 5
Nomenclature ................................................................ 9
Identifi cation .................................................................. 9
Biosystematics ................................................................ 9
Experimental Taxonomy .....................................................10
New Systematics ............................................................10
Comparative Biology ........................................................11
chapter 2 The Relevance of Systematics ..............................................13
Importance of Systematics in Society ........................................13
Contributions of Systematics to Biology .....................................16
chapter 3 The Importance and Universality of Classifi cation .........................19
Process of Classifi cation .....................................................20
Hierarchical System of Classes ..............................................21
chapter 4 Characters ..................................................................25
General Terms ...............................................................26
Roles of Characters and States ...............................................28
Kinds of Characters .........................................................28
Criteria for Selecting Characters and States .................................32
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viii contents
Section 2 Different Approaches to Biological Classification .......................................37
chapter 5 The Anatomy of Classification and the Artificial Approach ................39
Aesthetics and Classification .................................................39
Process of Classification .....................................................41
Artificial Classification .......................................................42
chapter 6 Natural and Phyletic Approaches ...........................................45
Natural Classification ........................................................46
Phyletic (Evolutionary) Classification ........................................47
Definitions of “Naturalness” .................................................49
chapter 7 The Phenetic Approach ....................................................51
Definitions ..................................................................52
History of Phenetics .........................................................53
Methodology of Phenetics ...................................................54
Impact of Phenetics .........................................................68
chapter 8 The Cladistic Approach .....................................................73
Definitions ..................................................................74
History of Cladistics .........................................................75
Methodology of Cladistics ...................................................78
Formal Classification .......................................................101
Impact of Cladistics ........................................................103
chapter 9 Evaluations of the Three Major Approaches and Explicit Phyletics ......111
Historical Influences .......................................................111
Previous Evaluations .......................................................113
Evaluation of the Process of Classification ..................................113
Evaluation of the Resultant Hierarchy ..................................... 114
Explicit Phyletics ...........................................................117
Hypothetical Taxa ..........................................................126
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contents ix
Section 3 Concepts of Categories ................................................................129
chapter 10 The Taxonomic Hierarchy .................................................131
History ......................................................................132
Logical Structure ...........................................................132
chapter 11 The Species ................................................................137
History of Species Concepts ................................................138
Reality of Species ...........................................................140
Naturalness of Species ......................................................142
Species as Individuals ......................................................142
Current Species Concepts ..................................................144
Recommended Species Concept for General Use ..........................150
chapter 12 The Subspecies, Variety, and Form ........................................153
History of Varietal and Subspecific Categories ..............................154
Difficulties in Application of Varietal and Subspecific Concepts ............155
Forms ......................................................................156
Biosystematic Infraspecific Categories ......................................157
Recommended Infraspecific Concepts .....................................158
chapter 13 The Genus .................................................................163
History of Generic Concepts ...............................................164
Types of Data Used to Delimit Genera .....................................166
Phenetic Delimitation of Genera ...........................................169
Cladistic Delimitation of Genera ...........................................169
Naturalness of Genera ......................................................169
Remodeling of Genera .....................................................169
Paleontological Genera .....................................................170
Monotypic Genera .........................................................171
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