Table Of ContentSignaling and Communication in Plants
Series Editors
FrantisˇekBalusˇka
Departmentof PlantCell Biology, IZMB, Universityof Bonn, Kirschallee 1,
D-53115 Bonn, Germany
JorgeM.Vivanco
CenterforRhizosphereBiology,ColoradoStateUniversity,217ShepardsonBuilding,
FortCollins, CO 80523-1173,USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8094
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Helen R. Irving Christoph Gehring
l
Editors
Plant Signaling Peptides
Editors
HelenR.Irving ChristophGehring
MonashInstituteofPharmaceutical DivisionofChemistry
Sciences LifeScienceandEngineering
MonashUniversity 4700KingAbdullahUniversityofScience
Parkville andTechnology
Australia Thuwal
KingdomofSaudiArabia
ISSN1867-9048 ISSN1867-9056(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-27602-6 ISBN978-3-642-27603-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-27603-3
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012940197
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Preface
Proteinsandpeptidesformintegralparts ofallliving cells where their function is
essential for the survival ofthe celland organism. Proteins are dynamic biomole-
culesthatfunctioninmaintainingstructure,metabolism,andalsocellularcommu-
nication. Peptidesarelooselydefinedassmallproteinscontaining50amino acids
orless.Inplants,asinanimalsandotherorganisms,peptideshavediverserolesand
participate in communication between cells. The focus of this volume is on the
diverserolesthatpeptidesandsmallproteinshaveinintercellularandintracellular
communication in plants. In part because of their immobile nature, plants have
evolved a complex array of signaling molecules to facilitate their growth and
developmentandtheirinteractionswiththeenvironment.Avastnumberofdiffer-
entpeptidemoleculesmakeanimportant,butuntilrelativelyrecentlyoverlooked,
component among these signaling molecules. As discussed in chapter “Plant
Peptide Signaling: An Evolutionary Adaptation,” plant signaling peptides have
evolved in several independent events with distinct and separate phylogenies to
createadiverserepertoireofsignalingmolecules.
Thisvolumefocusesontherolesofvariouspeptidesignalingmoleculesinplant
growth, development, defense, and homeostasis. The roles of plant peptides in
growth and development are discussed in chapters “Peptides Regulating Apical
Meristem Development,”“PeptidesRegulatingRootGrowth,”“PeptidesRegulat-
ing Plant Vascular Development,” and “The S-LOCUS CYSTEINE RICH PRO-
TEIN (SCR): ASmall Peptide with aHigh Impact on the Evolutionof Flowering
Plants.”Chapter“PeptidesRegulatingApicalMeristemDevelopment”reviewsthe
well-understoodroleofpeptidesignalingintheshootapicalmeristemofthemodel
plant Arabidopsis that in turn has led to the discovery of related peptides in other
plants.Infact,themajorpeptideprotagonistinArabidopsisCLAVATA3(CLV3)
and its maize homolog EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) contributed
tothenamingofoneofthelargestsignalingpeptidegroups,theCLEpeptides.CLE
peptidesareinvolvedinregulatingorganogenesisandhaverolesintherootgrowth
and development which is discussed in chapter “Peptides Regulating Root
v
vi Preface
Growth.”MembersoftheCLEpeptidesarealsoinvolvedinregulatingthedevel-
opmentofthevascularcambiumwhichisreviewedinchapter“PeptidesRegulating
Plant Vascular Development.” In addition, members of the CLE family are co-
optedbylegumesduringthesymbiosisbetweenlegumesandrhizobiabacteria,as
described in chapter “The Role of Plant Peptides in Symbiotic Interactions.”
However,the storyof peptide signaling is notrestricted toone family ofpeptides
and certainly in development is integrated with signals from other plant growth
regulators.Otherpeptidesthatcontributetoorganogenesisandthemaintenanceof
stem cells include phytosulfokines (PSKs), ENOD40, rapid alkalinization factors
(RALFs),andtherecentlydiscoveredrootgrowthfactor(RGF).Specificandnovel
peptidesareinvolvedinvariousdevelopmentalprocesses.ThefamilyofS-LOCUS
CYSTEINE RICH PROTEINs (SCRs) has an important role as a determinant of
self-incompatibilityinmembersoftheBrassicaceaewhichisdiscussedinchapter
“TheS-LOCUSCYSTEINERICHPROTEIN(SCR):ASmallPeptidewithaHigh
ImpactontheEvolutionofFloweringPlants.”Whileanotherrecentlycharacterized
small family of peptides called EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORs (EPFs)
arealsocysteine-richpeptidesthathavearoleinregulatingstomataldevelopment,
asreviewedinchapter“PeptidesModulatingDevelopmentofSpecializedCells.”
Signalingpeptides also function ina wide range ofplantdefense responses. In
fact, the first signaling peptide to be discovered and characterized was systemin
which induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in leaves as a wound response.
Since then, a myriad of plant defense proteins with diverse structures have been
identified.Manyoftheseareantimicrobialproteinsandincludedefensins,thionins,
and knottin-like peptides, as described in chapter “Plant Antimicrobial Peptides.”
Other signaling peptides function as endogenous amplification signals of plant
innateimmuneresponsesaspartofthepatternand/ormicrobe-associatedmolecular
pattern(PAMP/MAMP)responsewhichisdiscussedinchapter“PeptidesasDan-
ger Signals: MAMPs and DAMPs.” The signal exchange initiated by rhizobia
employs and/or co-opts several plant signaling peptides in the host legume, as
reviewedinchapter“TheRoleofPlantPeptidesinSymbioticInteractions.”Plant
signaling peptides also have roles in maintaining overall plant homeostasis in
addition to organogenesis and development, and in chapter “Peptides and the
Regulation of Plant Homeostasis,” the role of the small protein plant natriuretic
peptideisdescribed.
Asitishighlylikelythattodate,onlyafewofthesignalingpeptidesareknown,
and further plant peptide signaling molecules remain to be discovered, the last
sectionofthisvolumetakesapracticallookatmethodstoidentifynewpeptidesand
characterizetheirfunction.SignalingpeptidesusuallycontainanN-terminalsignal
motifandaresecretedintotheextracellularmatrix(apoplast)where,insomecases,
theyareproteolyticallycleaved.PeptidessuchasPSKandRGFarealsosulfatedon
tyrosine residues, and some CLE peptides are hydroxylated on proline residues
beforesecretion.Theprocessingofpeptidesisdescribedinchapter“Processingof
Peptides”alongwithstrategiesforinvestigatingtheseprocesses.Inchapter“Meth-
ods to Isolate and Identify New Plant Signaling Peptides,” the principles and
methods for peptide purification are discussed. For signaling peptides to be
Preface vii
successfulascommunicatorsintheplant,specificpartnersarerequired,andgenetic
and biochemical approaches to identify these partners are described in chapter
“MethodstoIdentifyNewPartnersofPlantSignalingPeptides.”Finally,acompu-
tationalapproachisoutlinedinchapter“Computational-BasedAnalysistoAssoci-
ate the Function of Plant Signaling Peptides with Distinct Biological Processes”
whereproteinsco-expressedwithPROPEP2areidentified.
May2012
Parkville,Australia HelenR.Irving
Thuwal,KingdomofSaudiArabia ChrisGehring
.
Contents
PlantPeptideSignaling:AnEvolutionaryAdaptation ...................... 1
JanetI.WheelerandHelenR.Irving
PeptidesRegulatingApicalMeristemDevelopment ....................... 25
MarcSomssichandRu¨digerSimon
PeptidesRegulatingRootGrowth ........................................... 41
MargretSauter
PeptidesRegulatingPlantVascularDevelopment .......................... 59
HirooFukuda
TheS-LOCUSCYSTEINE-RICHPROTEIN(SCR):
ASmallPeptidewithAHighImpactontheEvolution
ofFloweringPlants ........................................................... 77
IsabelleFobis-Loisy,RumenIvanov,andThierryGaude
PeptidesModulatingDevelopmentofSpecializedCells .................... 93
LeeHuntandJulieE.Gray
PlantAntimicrobialPeptides ................................................ 107
TatyanaOdintsovaandTseziEgorov
TheRoleofPlantPeptidesinSymbioticInteractions ..................... 135
VirginieMortier,UlrikeMathesius,andSofieGoormachtig
PeptidesasDangerSignals:MAMPsandDAMPs ........................ 163
ThomasBollerandPascaleFlury
ix
x Contents
PeptidesandtheRegulationofPlantHomeostasis ........................ 183
ChrisGehringandHelenR.Irving
ProcessingofPeptides ....................................................... 199
RenuSrivastavaandStephenH.Howell
MethodstoIsolateandIdentifyNewPlantSignalingPeptides ........... 217
SunilSagar,ChrisGehring,andKennethP.Minneman
MethodstoIdentifyNewPartnersofPlantSignalingPeptides .......... 241
MelinkaA.Butenko,MarkusAlbert,andReidunnB.Aalen
Computational-BasedAnalysistoAssociatetheFunction
ofPlantSignalingPeptideswithDistinctBiologicalProcesses ........... 257
StuartMeierandLaraDonaldson
Index .......................................................................... 279
