Plant Resources of South-East Asia is a multivolume handbook that aims to summarize knowledge ...

299 Pages·2014·17.73 MB·English

Plant Resources of South-East Asia is a multivolume handbook that aims to
summarize knowledge about useful plants for workers in education, research,
extension and industry. The following institutions are responsible for the coor
dination of the Prosea Programme and the handbook:
- Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Karung Berkunci 201, Jalan
FRI Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Widya Graha, Jalan Gatot Subroto
10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Nghia Do, Tu Liem,
Hanoi, Vietnam
- Papua New Guinea University of Technology (UNITECH), Private Mail Bag,
Lae, Papua New Guinea
- Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research & Development (PCARRD), Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines
- Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 196
Phahonyothin Road, Bang Khen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU), Costerweg 50, 6701 BH Wage
ningen, the Netherlands
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Plant Resources of South-East Asia
No 4
Forages
L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones (Editors)
"\
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Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1992
ItfVi^T^Coâ»
Professor L. 'T MANNETJE obtained his first degree in crop and grassland science
from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1958 and his PhD for a thesis about
taxonomie studies in the genus Stylosanthes from Queensland University, Bris
bane, Australia in 1967. From 1958 to 1982 he was a research scientist with the
CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, Brisbane, Australia. During
that period he was seconded to the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Devel
opment Institute (MARDI) at Serdang, Selangor for a period of one and a half
years. In 1982 he was appointed Professor of Grassland Science at Wageningen
Agricultural University and in 1983 he became head of the Department of Field
Crops and Grassland Science. His publications cover species evaluation, metho
dology of grassland research and primary and secondary production of tropical
forages. He has visited many tropical countries for consultations, to lecture
and to supervise research.
R.M. JONES is a pasture agronomist who graduated in Agricultural Science
from the University of Sydney in 1958. From 1959 to 1965 he was employed by
the Soil Conservation Service, New South Wales. During that period he spent
a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, during which time
he gained his MSc degree in Plant Ecology. Since 1965 he has been employed
by the CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures at the Cunningham Labo
ratory, Brisbane. He has written extensively on the agronomy of tropical for
ages, with particular emphasis on the persistence of legumes.
Cip-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag
Plant
Plant resources of South-East Asia. -Wageningen : Pudoc-Ill., map, drawings.
No. 4 : Forages / L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones (ed.). With index, réf.
ISBN 90-220-1032-5 bound
NUGI835
Subject headings: forages / stock breeding ; South-East Asia.
ISBN 90-220-1032-5
NUGI 835
Design: Frits Stoepman GVN.
© Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 1992.
© Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1992.
No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations
embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in
any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic
record without written permission from the copyright holders, c/o Pudoc Scien
tific Publishers, P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Printed in the Netherlands.
Contents
Editors and contributors 9
Prosea Board of Trustees and Personnel 13
Foreword 15
1 Introduction 17
1.1 Forages and livestock 17
1.2 Sources of forage 18
1.2.1 Grasslands 18
1.2.2 Annual and perennial fodder crops 20
1.2.3 Crop residues and agricultural by-products 20
1.3 Forage and livestock production systems 20
1.3.1 Current inputs to forage systems 20
1.3.2 Input of forage into different livestock production systems 21
1.4 Main limitations to forage production 22
1.4.1 Climate 22
1.4.2 Soil conditions 24
1.4.3 Species 24
1.4.4 Management25
1.4.5 Socio-economic constraints 25
1.5 Overcoming limitations to improving forage resources 26
1.5.1 Climate 26
1.5.2 Soil fertility 26
1.5.3 Improved species 27
1.5.4 Management and socio-economic constraints 31
1.6 Selection of species to be included in this volume 31
1.7 Species primarily in cultivation as a food crop 32
1.8 Prospects 34
2 Alphabetical treatment of species 35
Aeschynomene americana : American jointvetch 37
Aeschynomene falcata : jointvetch 39
Albizia lebbeck : siris 40
Alysicarpus vaginalis : alyce clover 42
Andropogon gay anus : gamba grass 44
Arachis glabrata : rhizoma peanut 46
Arachispintoi : pinto peanut 48
Arundinaria pusilla : bamboo grass 50
Asy stasia gangetica : rumput bunga putih 51
Axonopus compressus : broadleaf carpet grass 53
Bothriochloa pertusa : Indian couch grass 54
Brachiaria brizantha : palisade grass 56
Brachiaria decumbens : signal grass 58
Brachiaria dictyoneura : ya signal luey 60
Brachiaria distachya : green summer grass 61
Brachiaria humidicola : koronivia grass 62
Brachiaria mutica : para grass 64
Brachiaria ruziziensis : ruzi grass 65
Brachiaria subquadripara : cori grass 67
Calliandra calothyrsus : calliandra 68
Calopogonium caeruleum : caeruleum calopo 71
Calopogonium mucunoides
: calopo 72
Canavalia ensiformis
: jack bean 74
Cenchrus ciliaris
: buffelgrass 77
Centotheca latifolia
: jukut kidang 79
Centrosema acutifolium
:-80
Centrosema macrocarpum
:-82
Centrosema pascuorum
: centurion 84
Centrosema pubescens
: centro 86
Chamaecrista rotundifolia
: roundleaf cassia 88
Chloris gay ana
: Rhodes grass 90
Chrysopogon aciculatus
: love grass 92
Chrysopogon orientalis
: tinloy 93
Clitoria ternatea
: butterfly pea 94
Codariocalyx gyroides
: codarrio 97
Crotalaria juncea
: sunn hemp 98
Cynodon dactylon
: Bermuda grass 100
Cynodon nlemfuensis
: stargrass 102
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
: crowfoot grass 104
Desmanthus virgatus
: false tamarind 105
Desmodium heterocarpon
: carpon desmodium 106
Desmodium heterocarpon
ssp. ovalifolium :-108
Desmodium heterophyllum : hetero 110
Desmodium incanum : kaimi 112
Desmodium intortum : greenleaf desmodium 114
Desmodium triflorum : three-flowered beggarweed 116
Desmodium uncinatum : silverleaf desmodium 116
Dichanthium annulatum : hindi grass 118
Digitaria ciliaris : tropical finger grass 119
Digitaria eriantha : common finger grass 121
Digitaria milanjiana : digit grass 123
Echinochloa colona : jungle rice 125
Echinochloa crus-galli : barnyard millet 126
Eragrostis tenella : bug's egg grass 127
Eragrostis unioloides :padang togu128
Ficus subcordata bunut lengis 129
Flemingia macrophylla apa apa 131
Gliricidia sepium gliricidia 133
Heteropogon contortus speargrass137
Hymenachne acutigluma wick grass 139
Imper ata cylindrica blady grass 140
Ischaemum ciliare batiki blue grass 142
Ischaemum magnum rumput melayu 144
Ischaemum muticum seashore centipede grass 145
Ischaemum rugosum wrinkle duck-beak 146
Ischaemum timorense centipede grass 148
Leptochloa chinensis timunan 149
Leucaena leucocephala leucaena 150
Lotononis bainesii lotononis 154
Macroptilium atropurpureum siratro 155
Macroptilium lathyroides
phasey bean 158
Macroptilium longepe-
dunculatum : llanos macro 159
Macrotyloma axillare : axillaris 161
Medicago sauva : lucerne 163
Microstegium ciliatum : banyonan tembaga 165
Mikania cordata : mile-a-minute 166
Mimosa pudica : sensitive plant 167
Neonotonia wightii : glycine 169
Ottochloa nodosa : slender panic grass 171
Panicum maximum : guinea grass 172
Panicum maximum var.
trichoglume green panic 174
Panicum repens torpedo grass 176
Paspalum conjugatum buffalo grass 177
Paspalum dilatatum Dallis grass 178
Paspalum distichum ginger grass 180
Paspalum notatum Bahia grass 181
Paspa lum plicatulum plicatulum 183
Paspalum scrobiculatum kodo millet 185
Pennisetum clandestinum kikuyu grass 187
Pennisetum polystachion feather pennisetum 189
Pennisetum purpureum elephant grass 191
Pueraria phaseoloides tropical kudzu 192
Saccharum spontaneum glagah 195
Sesbania grandiflora agati sesbania 196
Sesbania sesban sesban 198
Setaria sphacelata setaria 201
Sorghum x almum Columbus grass 203
Sorghum, artificial perennial
hybrids -205
Sorghum x drummondii Sudan grass 206
Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustine grass 208
Stylosanthes capitata -209
Stylosanthes guianensis : stylo 211
Stylosanthes hamata : Caribbean stylo 213
Stylosanthes humilis : Townsville stylo 216
Stylosanthes macrocephala : - 218
Stylosanthes scabra : shrubby stylo 219
Themeda triandra : red oat grass 222
Thysanolaena latifolia : tiger grass 224
Trifolium repens : white clover 225
Trifolium semipilosum : Kenya white clover 226
Tripsacum andersonii : Guatemala grass 228
Urochloa mosambicensis : Sabi grass 230
Vignaparkeri : creeping vigna 232
Zoysia matrella : Manila grass 234
3 Minor forages 236
4 Forages with other primary use 245
Literature 254
Acknowledgments 258
Acronyms of organizations 259
Glossary 261
Sources of illustrations 271
Index of scientific plant names 277
Index of vernacular plant names 292
The Prosea Foundation 297
Editors and contributors
General editors of the Prosea Handbook
P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and J. Kartasubrata
Editorial staff of this volume
- Editors: L. 't Mannetje and R.M. Jones
- Associate editors: C.P. Chen, P.C.M. Jansen (botanical aspects), C. Manidool
and I.M. Nitis
- Illustrators: P. Verheij J£ayes (drawings) and R. Boekelman (map)
- Publishing consultant and in-house editor: R.J.P. Aalpol
- Language corrector: J. Burrough J3oenisch
Contributors '
- N.O. Aguilar, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at
Los Bafios, College, Laguna 4031, the Philippines (Imperata cylindrica,
Mimosa pudica)
- A. Aminah, Livestock Research Division, Malaysian Agricultural Research
and Development Institute (MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia (Calopogonium mucunoides)
- B.B. Baki, Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute
(MARDI), 3C Rubber Road, 93400 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia (Digitaria
ciliaris, Ischaemum ciliare, I. muticum, I. rugosum, I. timorense, Paspalum
notatum, P. scrobiculatum, Pennisetumpolystachion)
- A.K. Benjamin, Department of Primary Industry, P.O. Box 1075, Goroka,
Papua New Guinea (Neonotonia wightii, Trifolium semipilosum, Vigna par
ken)
- H.G. Bishop, Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 668, Mackay, Q
4740, Australia (Aeschynomene americana)
- J.L. Brewbaker, Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
3190 Maile Way, Honululu, Hawaii 96822, United States (Leucaena leucoce-
phala)
- A. Budelman, Royal Institute for the Tropics, Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD
Amsterdam, the Netherlands {Flemingia macrophylla)
- A.G. Cameron, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, P.O. Box 79,
Berrimah, NT 0828, Australia (Macroptilium longepedunculatum)
- Y.K. Chee, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, G.P.O. Box 10150, 50908
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Calopogonium caeruleum, Canavalia ensiformis,
Crotalaria juncea, Mikania cordata)
10 FORAGES
- C.P. Chen, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
(MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301,50774 KualaLumpur, Malaysia (Asy stasia gange-
tica, Calopogonium caeruleum, C. mucunoides, Canavalia ensiformis, Centro-
sema pubescens, Crotalaria juncea, Digitaria ciliaris, Ischaemum timorense,
Mikania cordata, Panicum maximum, Paspalum notatum, Pennisetum poly-
stachion, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Tripsacum andersonii)
- R.J. Clements, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306 Carmody
Road, St. Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Centrosema pascuorum, Medicago sativa)
- B.G. Cook, Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 395, Gympie, Q 4570,
Australia (Aeschynomene falcata, Arachis glabrata, A.pintoi, Vignaparkeri)
- L.A. Edye, CSIRO Davies Laboratory, Private Mail Bag, P.O. Aitkenvale,
Q 4814, Australia (Stylosanthes hamata. S. humilis, S. scabra)
- R.C. Gutteridge, Department of Agriculture, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Sesbania grandiflora, S. sesban)
- J.B. Hacker, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306 Carmody
Road, St. Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Canavalia ensiformis, Desmodium hetero-
carpon, D. heterophyHum, D. incanum, D. intortum, D. uncinatum, Digitaria
eriantha, D. milanjiana, Setaria sphacelata, Sorghum x almum, Sorghum ar
tificial perennial hybrids, Sorghum x drummondii)
- R.A. Halim, Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, Universiti Pertanian
Malaysia, 43400 U.P.M. Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia (Alysicarpus vaginalis,
Pueraria phaseoloides)
- W.W. Hanna, Department of Agriculture, Coastal Plains Experiment Station,
Tifton, Georgia 31793, United States (Cynodon dactylon, C. nlemfuensis)
- J.H. Heering, ILCA, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Sesbania grandi
flora, S. sesban)
- S.M. Howden, Bureau of Rural Resources, Department of Primary Industries
and Energy, P.O. Box Ell, Queen Victoria Terrace, ACT 2600, Australia
(Bothriochloa pertusa)
- E.M. Hutton, 11 Norwood Place, Station Road, Indooroopilly, Q 4068, Austra
lia (Panicum maximum)
- LB. Ipor, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, P.O. Box 396, 97008 Bintulu, Sa
rawak, Malaysia (Digitaria ciliaris, Ischaemum ciliare, I. muticum, I. timor
ense, Paspalum notatum, P. scrobiculatum)
- R.J. Jones, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, Private Bag, Ait
kenvale, Q 4814, Australia (Leucaena leucocephala)
- R.M. Jones, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306 Carmody
Road, St. Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Lotononis bai-
nesii, Macroptilium atropurpureum, M. lathyroides, Mimosapudica, Trifolium
repens, T. semipilosum)
- S.M.M. Kersten, Department of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney,
NSW 2001, Australia (Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Panicum maximum
var. trichoglume, Paspalum dilatatum, P.plicatulum, Trifolium repens)
- A.E. Kretschmer, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural
Sciences, P.O. Box 248, Fort Pierce, Florida 34954-0248, United States (Desmo
dium heterocarpon)
- S.A. Lee, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
(MARDI), G.P.O. Box 12301,50774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Asystasia gauge-
tica)
EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 11
J.B. Lowry, CSIRO Davies Laboratory, University Road, Townsville, Q 4814,
Australia (Albizia lebbeck)
J.G. Mclvor, CSIRO Davies Laboratory, Private Mail Bag, P.O. Aitkenvale,
Q 4814, Australia (Bothriochloapertusa, Urochloa mosambicensis)
C. Manidool, AUSTREX, 66/2-3 Sukumuiv Soi 2, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
(Arundinariapusilla, Axonopus compressus, Brachiaria distachya, Centothe-
ca latifolia, Chrysopogon aciculatus, C. orientalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Dichanthium annulatum, Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli, Eragrostis tenella,
E. unioloides, Hymenachne acutigluma, Ischaemum ciliare, I. rugosum, Lep-
tochloa chinensis, Microstegium ciliatum, Ottochloa nodosa, Panicum repens,
Paspalum conjugatum, P. distichum, Pennisetum polystachion, Saccharum
spontaneum, Thysanolaena latifolia, Zoysia matrella)
P.T. Mears, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agricultural Research
Station, Grafton, NSW 2460, Australia (Pennisetum clandestinum)
T.T. Ng, Department of Agriculture, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93632 Kuching, Sa
rawak, Malaysia (Ischaemum magnum)
I.M. Nitis, Department of Nutrition and Tropical Forage Science, Udayana
University, Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Denpasar, Indonesia (Ficus subcordata,
Gliricidia sepium)
B.C. Pengelly, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306 Carmody
Road, St. Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Alysicarpus vaginalis, Desmanthus virga-
tus, Desmodium triflorum, Neonotonia wightii)
L. Ramirez, CSIRO, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Q 4067, Australia (Canava-
lia ensiformis)
I.K. Rika, Department of Extension Services, Udayana University, Jalan Jen
dral Sudirman, Denpasar, Indonesia (Calliandra calothyrsus)
R. Schultze-Kraft, Universität Hohenheim, 380 Institut für Pflanzenproduk
tion in den Tropen und Subtropen, Kirchnerstr. 5, Postfach 700562, D-7000
Stuttgart 70, Germany (Andropogon gayanus, Brachiaria brizantha, B.
decumbens, B. dictyoneura, B. humidicola, B. mutica, B. ruziziensis, B. sub-
quadripara, Centrosema acutifolium, C. macrocarpum, Desmodium heterocar-
pon ssp. ovalifolium, Stylosanthes capitata, S. macrocephala)
M.E. Siregar, Balai Penelitian Ternak, Ciawi, P.O. Box 123800, Bogor, Indo
nesia (Flemingia macrophylla)
R. Soedomo, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Gadjah Mada University,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia (Codariocalyx gyroides)
C.T. Sorensson, Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
3190 Maile Way, Honululu, Hawaii 96822, United States (Leucaena leucoce-
phala)
LB. Staples, Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 1054, Mareeba, Q
4880, Australia (Clitoria ternatea, Macrotyloma axillare)
J.K. Teitzel, Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 20, South Johnstone,
Q 4859, Australia (Brachiaria decumbens, B. humidicola, B. mutica, B. ruzi
ziensis, Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium heterophyHum)
L. 't Mannetje, Department of Field Crops and Grassland Science, Wage
ningen Agricultural University, Haarweg 333, 6709 RZ Wageningen, the
Netherlands (Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Macroptilium atropurpu-
reum, M. lathyroides, Panicum maximum var. trichoglume, Paspalum dilata-
tum, P.plicatulum, Pennisetum purpureum, Stylosanthes guianensis)