Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition

578 Pages·2007·12.69 MB·English

by  Robert N. Trigiano

Plant Pathology
Concepts and Laboratory Exercises
SECOND EDITION
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Plant Pathology
Concepts and Laboratory Exercises
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Robert N. Trigiano
Mark T. Windham
Alan S. Windham
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CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Plant pathology concepts and laboratory exercises / editors, Robert N. Trigiano, Mark T. Windham, and Alan S. Windham. ‑‑ 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑4669‑4 (alk. paper)
1. Plant diseases‑‑Laboratory manuals. I. Trigiano, R. N. (Robert Nicholas), 1953‑ II. Windham, Mark Townsend, 1955‑ III.
Windham, Alan S.
SB732.56.P63 2008
632’.3078‑‑dc22 2007019969
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
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Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................................xi
The.Editors........................................................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors........................................................................................................................................................................xv
Part 1
Introductory Concepts
Chapter 1 Plant.Pathology.and.Historical.Perspectives...................................................................................................3
Mark T. Windham and Alan S. Windham
Chapter 2 What.Is.a.Disease?..........................................................................................................................................7
Mark T. Windham and Alan S. Windham
Chapter 3 Introduction.to.the.Groups.of.Plant.Pathogens.............................................................................................11
Mark T. Windham
Part 2
Groups of Plant Pathogens
Chapter 4 Plant.Pathogenic.Viruses...............................................................................................................................21
Marie A.C. Langham
Chapter 5 Mechanical.Inoculation.of.Plant.Viruses......................................................................................................35
Marie A.C. Langham
Chapter 6 Pathogenic.Prokaryotes.................................................................................................................................45
George H. Lacy and Felix L. Lukezic
Chapter 7 Laboratory.Exercises.for.Plant.Pathogenic.Bacteria.....................................................................................57
George H. Lacy and Felix L. Lukezic
Chapter 8 Plant-Parasitic.Nematodes.............................................................................................................................65
James P. Noe
Chapter 9 Pathogenicity.and.Isolation.of.Plant-Parasitic.Nematodes............................................................................79
James P. Noe

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i Contents
Chapter 10 Plant.Pathogenic.Fungi.and.Fungal-like.Organisms.....................................................................................85
Ann Brooks Gould
Chapter 11 Slime.Molds.and.Zoosporic.Fungi..............................................................................................................101
Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge, David Porter, and Marc A. Cubeta
Chapter 12 Laboratory.Exercises.with.Zoosporic.Plant.Pathogens..............................................................................109
Marc A. Cubeta, David Porter, and Sharon E. Mozley-Standridge
Chapter 13 Archiascomycete.and.Hemiascomycete.Pathogens....................................................................................123
Margery L. Daughtrey, Kathie T. Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff
Chapter 14 The.Powdery.Mildews.................................................................................................................................131
Margery L. Daughtrey, Kathie T. Hodge, and Nina Shishkoff
Chapter 15 Ascomycota:.Pyrenomycetes,.Discomycetes,.and.Loculoascomycetes......................................................143
Kenneth J. Curry and Richard E. Baird
Chapter 16 Deuteromycota:.An.Artificial.Assemblage.of.Asexually.Reproducing.Fungi...........................................151
Richard E. Baird
Chapter 17 Laboratory.Exercises.with.Selected.Asexually.Reproducing.Fungi...........................................................161
Richard E. Baird
Chapter 18 Smut.and.Rust.Diseases..............................................................................................................................171
Larry J. Littlefield, Yonghao Li, and Darrell D. Hensley
Chapter 19 Basidiomycota:.Fleshy.Mushrooms.and.Other.Important.and.Symbiotic.Associations............................185
Richard E. Baird
Chapter 20 Oomycota:.The.Fungi-like.Organisms........................................................................................................195
Robert N. Trigiano, Malissa H. Ament, and Kurt H. Lamour
Chapter 21 Laboratory.Exercises.with.the.Oomycetes.................................................................................................207
Robert N. Trigiano, Richard E. Baird, and Steven N. Jeffers
Chapter 22 Soilborne.Plant.Pathogens...........................................................................................................................217
Bonnie H. Ownley and D. Michael Benson
Chapter 23 Laboratory.Exercises.with.Soilborne.Plant.Pathogens...............................................................................235
D. Michael Benson and Bonnie H. Ownley
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Contents ii
Chapter 24 Parasitic.Seed.Plants,.Protozoa,.Algae,.and.Mosses...................................................................................253
Mark T. Windham and Alan S. Windham
Chapter 25 Abiotic.Diseases..........................................................................................................................................261
Alan S. Windham and Mark T. Windham
Part 3
Molecular Tools for Studying Plant Pathogens
Chapter 26 Molecular.Tools.for.Studying.Plant.Pathogens...........................................................................................269
Timothy A. Rinehart, XinWang Wang, and Robert N. Trigiano
Chapter 27 Molecular.Techniques.Used.for.Studying.Systematics.and.Phylogeny.of.Plant.Pathogens........................279
Robert N. Trigiano, Malissa H. Ament, S. Ledare Finley, Renae E. DeVries, Naomi R. Rowland, and
G. Caetano-Anollés
Part 4
Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Chapter 28 Plant–Fungal.Interactions.at.the.Molecular.Level.....................................................................................309
Ricardo B. Ferreira, Sara Monteiro, Regina Freitas, Cláudia N. Santos, Zhenjia Chen, Luís M. Batista,
João Duarte, Alexandre Borges, and Artur R. Teixeira
Chapter 29 Testing.Blad,.a.Potent.Antifungal.Polypeptide...........................................................................................323
Sara Monteiro and Ricardo B. Ferreira
Chapter 30 Detecting.and.Measuring.Extracellular.Enzymes.Produced.by.Fungi.and.Bacteria.................................329
Robert N. Trigiano and Malissa H. Ament
Chapter 31 Host.Defenses:.A.Physical.and.Physiological.Approach............................................................................349
Kimberly D. Gwinn, Sharon E. Greene, James F. Green, and David Trently
Chapter 32 Disruption.of.Plant.Function.......................................................................................................................357
Melissa B. Riley
Part 5
Epidemiology and Disease Control
Chapter 33 Plant.Disease.Epidemiology........................................................................................................................371
Kira L. Bowen
Chapter 34 Host.Resistance...........................................................................................................................................387
Jerald K. Pataky and Martin L. Carson
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iii Contents
Chapter 35 Cultural.Control.of.Plant.Diseases..............................................................................................................405
Gary Moorman and Kimberly D. Gwinn
Chapter 36 Chemical.Control.of.Plant.Diseases............................................................................................................415
Alan S. Windham and Mark T. Windham
Chapter 37 Biological.Control.of.Plant.Pathogens........................................................................................................423
Bonnie H. Ownley and Mark T. Windham
Chapter 38 Integrated.Pest.Management.......................................................................................................................437
Clayton A. Hollier and Donald E. Hershman
Chapter 39 Plant.Disease.Diagnosis..............................................................................................................................447
Jackie M. Mullen
Chapter 40 Diagnostic.Techniques.and.Media.Preparation..........................................................................................465
Jackie M. Mullen
Part 6
Special Topics
Chapter 41 In Vitro.Plant.Pathology..............................................................................................................................475
Subramanian Jayasankar and Dennis J. Gray
Chapter 42 Proper.Use.of.Compound.and.Stereo.Microscopes....................................................................................487
David T. Webb
Part 7
Appendix
Appendix 1: Careers in Plant Pathology......................................................................................................................505
Alan S. Windham and Mark T. Windham
Part 8
Glossary and Index
Glossary...........................................................................................................................................................................509
Index.................................................................................................................................................................................525
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Preface
We.thank.those.instructors.who.adopted.the.first.edition.of. are.a.series.of.questions.designed.to.provoke.individual.
Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises.as.a. thought.and.critical.examination.of.the.experiment.and.
textbook.for.their.classes..We.also.thank.them.and.their. results..Our.intentions.are.that.instructors.will.not.attempt.
students.and.colleagues.for.invaluable.feedback.and.criti- to.do.all.the.experiments,.but.rather.select.one.or.two.for.
cism—we.have.incorporated.many.of.their.ideas.into.this. each.concept.that.serves.the.needs.and.interests.of.their.
edition..In.response.to.your.suggestions,.we.have.included. particular.class..For.an.advanced.class,.different.experi-
several.new.chapters,.more.case.studies.where.appropri- ments.may.be.assigned.among.resourceful.students..More.
ate,.and.a.CD.containing.most.of.the.figures.in.the.book,. advanced.experiments.following.the.general.or.beginning.
as.well.as.many.supplementary.photographs.in.the.form.of. class.exercises.are.embedded.within.some.of.the.labora-
PowerPoint.presentations. tory.chapters.
Plant Pathology Concepts and Laboratory Exercises,. We.caution.instructors.and.students.to.obtain.the.
Second.Edition.is.intended.to.serve.as.a.primary.text.for. proper.documents.for.transport.and.use.of.plant.patho-
introductory.courses.and.furnishes.instructors.and.stu- genic.organisms.and.to.properly.dispose.of.cultures.and.
dents.alike.with.a.broad.consideration.of.this.important. plant.materials.at.the.conclusion.of.the.laboratory.exer-
and.growing.field..It.also.presents.many.useful.protocols. cises..As.always,.the.mention.of.products.or.specific.
and.procedures.and.advanced.laboratories.in.selected. equipment.does.not.constitute.product.endorsement.by.
areas..Thus,.the.book.should.serve.as.a.valuable.refer- either.the.authors,.the.various.institutions,.or.the.USDA,.
ence.to.researchers.and.students.in.plant.pathology.as. nor.implied.criticism.of.those.products.not.mentioned..
well.as.many.allied.biological.sciences..The.textbook.is. There.are.equally.suitable,.if.not.alternative,.products.
intentionally.written.to.be.rather.informal;.it.provides.the. and.equipment.available.that.may.be.substituted.for.those.
reader.with.a.minimum.number.of.references,.but.does. listed.herein.
not.sacrifice.essential.information.or.accuracy..Broad. As.with.the.first.edition,.the.textbook.is.divided.into.
topic.chapters.are.authored.by.specialists.with.consider- the.following.six.primary.parts:.Introductory.Concepts,.
able.experience.in.the.field.and.are.supported.by.one.or. Groups.of.Plant.Pathogens,.Molecular.Tools.for.Studying.
more.laboratory.exercises.illustrating.the.central.con- Plant.Pathogens,.Plant–Pathogen.Interactions,.Epidemiol-
cepts.of.the.topic..Each.topic.begins.with.a.“concept.box,”. ogy.and.Disease.Control,.and.Special.Topics..Each.section.
highlighting.some.of.the.more.important.ideas.contained. combines.related.facets.of.plant.pathology.and.includes.
within.chapter.and.signals.students.to.read.carefully.for. one.to.several.concept.chapters,.usually.with.accompany-
these. primary. topics.. There. is. an. extensive. glossary,. ing.laboratory.exercises..Most.chapters.have.been.revised.
which.collects.the.bolded.words.and.terms.found.in.each. to.include.more.up-to-date.information.as.well.as.addi-
of.the.concept.chapters.and.some.of.the.laboratory.chap- tional.materials..Four.topic.chapters.have.been.completely.
ters..New.to.many.of.the.concept.chapters.in.this.edition. rewritten.and.we.have.included.five.new.topic.and.labora-
are.case.studies,.which.emphasize.either.specific.diseases. tory.exercise.chapters.on.soilborne.pathogens,.microscopy.
or.processes..The.case.studies.stand.alone.in.the.chap- for.students,.and.plant/fungal.interactions.
ters.and.are.provided.primarily.as.bulleted.lists.supplying. Part.1.introduces.students.to.the.basic.concepts.of.
essential.information.at.a.glance. plant.pathology,.including.historical.perspectives,.fun-
Collectively,.the.laboratory.exercises.are.exception- damental.ideas.of.what.is.disease,.how.disease.relates.
ally.diverse.in.nature,.providing.something.for.every- to.environment,.the.host,.and.time,.and.provides.a.very.
one—from.beginning.to.advanced.students.to.researchers.. broad.overview.of.organisms.that.cause.disease..Part.2.
Importantly,.the.authors.have.successfully.completed.the. includes.chapters.that.detail.the.various.disease-causing.
exercises.many.times,.often.with.either.plant.pathology.or. organisms..This.section.begins.with.a.consideration.of.
biology.classes.or.in.their.own.research.laboratories..All. viruses,.prokaryotic.organisms,.and.plant.parasitic.nema-
the.laboratory.protocols.are.written.in.procedure.boxes. todes..The.next.ten.chapters.are.devoted.to.the.various.
that.provide.step-by-step,.easy-to-follow.instructions..A. phyla.of.fungi.(classification.primarily.follows.Alexo-
unique.feature.of.this.text.is.that.the.authors.have.provided. poulus,.Mims,.and.Blackwell,.Introductory Mycology,.
in.general.terms.what.results.should.be.expected.from. Fourth.Edition).followed.by.chapters.that.focus.on.the.
each.of.the.experiments..At.the.end.of.each.exercise,.there. fungi-like.Oomycota,.soilborne.pathogens,.plant.parasitic.
ix
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