Table Of ContentH. Wagner S. Bladt E.M. Zgainski
Plant Drug
Analysis
A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas
Translated by Th.A. Scott
With 170 Colored Photographs
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1984
Professor Dr. Hildebert Wagner
Dr. Sabine Bladt
Eva Maria Zgainski (Fachphotographin)
Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie
der Universität München,
Karlstraße 29,
D-8000 München 2
Translator:
Dr. Thomas A. Scott
Department of Biochemistry
University of Leeds
GB-Leeds LS2 9JT
Translation of the German edition' Drogenanalyse '
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg 1983
ISBN 978-3-662-02400-3 ISBN 978-3-662-02398-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02398-3
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wagner, H. (Hildebert), 1929-
Plant drug analysis.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Materia medica, Vegetable-Analysis. 2. Drugs-Analysis. 3. Thin layer chromatography. I.
Bladt, S. (Sabine), 1945- . H. Zgainski, E.M. (Eva Maria), 1928- . III. Title.
RS190.P55W3313 1984 615'.32 84-5348
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1984.
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Preface
Thin layer chromatography is the most widely used of all the simple chromatographie
methods for the analysis of mixtures. On account of its extreme rapidity and ease
of visual evaluation, thin layer chromatography has become the most ideal analytical
method for plant drugs and for preparations that contain drug extracts or pure
drug constituents.
One disadvantage of the technique was the lack of a satisfactory method for
the permanent recording of results. Analyses were recorded simply by verbal descrip
tion of the chromatogram (e.g., in the pharmacopoeias), by schematic drawings,
or by idealized colored diagrams. All these methods are c1early makeshift solutions
to the problem of documentation. In order to make the documentation as realistic
as possible, we have therefore attempted to make faithful photographic reproduc
tions of thin layer chromatographie separations of drugs in visible and UV-light.
The chief difficulty that we encountered in the preparation of this TLC atlas was
knowing how to take into account the natural qualitative and quantitative variations
that occur in the composition of individual drugs. We believe we have solved this
problem by selecting, from more than 10 years of photo graphie recording, those
pictures that are the most representative and are photographically the best reproduc
tions of chromatograms of standard drugs. In choosing solvent systems, we have
relied primarilyon the pharmacopoeias, but we have also made proposals for im
provements and for future standardization. In view of the extent of the present-day
world drug market, analyses of many commercial, non-official drugs have also been
documented. Emphasis was placed primarily on commercial European drugs.
We hope that this chromatographie drug atlas will help those who are learning
the technique, and serve as an aid for the evaluation of thin layer chromatograms.
Furthermore, we believe that this thin layer chromatographie drug atlas represents
an aid to the standardization of industrial plant drug preparations. It will enable
the systematization of the identification and purity control of plant drugs.
The authors are especially grateful to Mrs. J. DUFOSSE of Agfa photographie
services, Munieh, for the painstaking and faithful reproduction of the color pictures.
We thank Miss MAHN and Miss SCHUCKER for technical assistance, and Mrs.
ANDRAE for drawing the formulae. Thanks are due to Springer-Verlag, and especially
to Mrs. DEIGMÖLLER, for their helpful co operation to our wishes with regard to
the reproduction of the chromatograms and the overall layout of the book.
HILDEBER T WAGNER
SABINE BLADT
EVA MARIA ZGAINSKI
Contents
Introduction
Essential Oil Drugs (Aetherolea) 5
Extraction and TLC . . . . . . . . 5
List of Essential Oil Drugs . . . . . 9
Formulae of Constituents of Essential Oils 19
Reference Compounds · Figs. 1, 2 22
Cinnamoni cortex
Calami rhizoma · Figs. 3, 4 24
Anisi fructus
F oeniculi fructus
Sassafras lignum
Basilici herba ............. Figs. 5, 6 26
Petroselini fructus
Myristicae semen
Macis
Caryophylli flos ............. Figs. 7, 8 28
Carvi fructus
Coriandri fructus
Juniperi fructus
Rosmarini folium · Figs. 9,10 30
Matricariae flos
Anthemidis flos . Figs. 11, 12 32
Lavandulae flos
Cinae flos ... · Figs. 13, 14 34
Menthae piperitae folium
Menthae crispae folium . Figs. 15, 16 36
Salviae officinalis folium
Salviae trilobae folium
Eucalypti folium . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 17, 18 38
Thymi herba
Serpylli herba
Ajowani fructus
Melissae folium . Figs. 19,20 40
Curcumae rhizoma · Figs. 21, 22 42
VII
Ci tri pericarpium
Aurantii pericarpium . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 23, 24 44
Terebinthinae aeth.
Pini aetherolea
Myrrha . . . .. ........... Figs. 25, 26 46
Benzoin
Balsamum tolutanum
Balsamum peruvianum .......... Figs. 27, 28 48
Alkaloid Drugs 51
Extraction and TLC 51
List of Alkaloid Drugs 55
Formulae of Constituents of Alkaloid Drugs 61
Reference Compounds · Figs 1, 2 66
Y ohimbe cortex
Quebracho cortex · Figs. 3, 4 68
Rauwolfiae radix · Figs. 5, 6 70
Strychni semen
Ignatii semen . Fig. 7 72
Secale cornutum . Fig. 8 72
Chinae cortex · Figs. 9, 10 74
Ipecacuanhae radix .Figs. 11, 12 76
Opium · Figs. 13, 14 78
Berberidis radix
Colombo radix
Hydrastis rhizoma . Figs. 15, 16 80
Chelidonii herba · Fig. 17 82
Colchici ·semen · Fig. 18 82
Aconiti tuber (herba)
Sabadillae semen
Lobeliae herba
Jaborandi folium
Boldo folium · Figs. 19, 20 84
Cacao semen
Coffeae semen · Fig. 21 86
Nicotianae folium
Ephedrae herba
Spartii herba .. ............ Fig. 22 . . . . . . . . . . 86
Belladonnae folium
Hyoscyami folium
Stramonii folium . . . . . . . Figs. 23, 24 88
Belladonnae folium/semen/radix
Hyoscyami mutici/nigri folium
Stramonii folium/semen
Scopoliae radix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 25, 26 90
VIII
Drugs Containing Anthracene Derivatives 93
Extraction and TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
List of Drugs Containing Anthracene Glycosides 97
Formulae of Anthracene Derivatives Identified as Drug Constituents 100
Aloe resina . Figs. 1,2 102
Rhamni purshiani cortex . Fig. 3 104
TLC-Synopsis . Fig. 4 104
Frangulae cortex
Oreoherzogiae cortex
Frangulae fructus
Rhamni cathartici fructus · Figs. 5, 6 " 106
Rhei radix .. · Figs. 7, 8 . 108
Sennae folium
Sennae fructus
Hyperici herba . Figs. 9,10 110
Circular TLC
Sennae foliumjfructus . Figs. 11, 12 112
Rhei radix ..... · Figs. 13, 14 114
Arbutin Drugs 117
Extraction and TLC 117
List of Drugs Containing Arbutin 119
Formulae ...... . 119
Uvae ursi folium
Vitis ideae folium
Myrtilli folium . · Figs. 1,2 120
Viburni prunifolii cortex
Viburni opuli cortex · Figs. 3,4 122
Bitter Principle Drugs 125
Extraction and TLC . . . 125
List of Bitter Principle Drugs 127
Formulae of Constituents
of Bitter Principle Drugs 130
Aurantii pericarpium
Harpagophythi radix
Gentianae radix
Centaurii herba
Condurango cortex
Menyanthidis folium ........... Figs. 1,2 . . . . . . . . . 132
Cnici herba
Marrubii herba
Absinthii herba
Quassiae lignum .. . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . 134
IX
Gentianae radix
Plantaginis herba
Oleae folium/fructus · Figs. 5, 6 136
Bryoniae radix
Cucurbitae semen · Figs. 7, 8 138
Humuli strobuli · Figs. 9, 10 140
Salviae folium
Rosmarini folium · Fig. 11 142
Cynarae herba . · Fig. 12 142
Coumarin Drugs 145
Extraction and TLC 145
List of Coumarin Drugs 147
Formulae of Constituents of Coumarin Drugs 150
Reference compounds . Fig. 1 152
Pimpinellae radix
Heraclei radix . Fig. 2 152
Angelicae radix
Levistici radix
Imperatoriae radix
Scopoliae radix. ............ Figs. 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . 154
Herniariae herba
Meliloti herba
Asperulae herba
Abrotani herba
Rutae herba. ............. Figs. 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . 156
Mezerei cortex
Fraxini cortex
Asa foetida · Figs. 7, 8 158
Ammi majoris fructus
Ammi visnagae fructus · Figs. 9, 10 160
Flavonoid Drugs 163
Extraction and TLC 163
List of Flavonoid Drugs 165
Formulae of Constituents of Flavonoid Drugs 170
Reference Compounds . Figs. 1,2 172
TLC Synopsis (flos) . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 3, 4 174
Arnicae flos
Calendulae flos
Cacti flos
Farfarae flos
Primulae flos
Herniariae herba ........ Figs. 5, 6 ......... 176
Crataegi flos/folium/fructus
Sambuci flos
Stoechados flos
Verbasci flos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . 178
x
Acaciae flos
Pruni spinosae flos
Spireaae flos
Robiniae flos
Sambuci flos
Tiliae flos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 9, 10 ........ 180
Betulae folium
Juglandis folium
Anthemidis flos · Figs. 11, 12 182
Matricariae flos . Fig. 13 184
TLC Synopsis (Herba) · Fig. 14 184
Anserinae herba
Equiseti herba
Leonuri herba
Rutae herba
Sarothamni herba
Sophorae gemma
Veronicae herba
Violae tricoloris herba . Figs. 15, 16 186
Citri pericarpium
Aurantii pericarpium · Fig. 17 188
Eriodictyonis herba
Orthosiphonis folium · Fig. 18 188
Cardui mariae (Silybi) fructus · Figs. 19,20 190
Farfarae folium
Petasites folium · Figs. 21, 22 192
Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 195
Extraction and TLC . . . . 195
List of Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 198
Formulae of Constituents
of Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 200
Figs. 1,2 204
Reference compounds . . · Figs. 3, 4 206
Digitalis lanatae folium
Digitalis purpureae folium · Figs. 5-8 208
Nerii (oleandri) folium · Figs. 9, 10 212
TLC Comparison
Strophanthi semen
Adonidis herba
Convallariae herba · Figs. 11, 12 214
Strophanthi grati semen
Strophanthi kombe semen · Figs. 13, 14 216
Adonidis herba
Convallariae herb'it · Figs. 15, 16 218
XI
