Plant Breeding, Biometry & Biotechnology

423 Pages·2020·69.72 MB·English

by  Dipak Kumar Kar, Soma Halder

PLANT BREEDING
BIOMETRY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
PLANT BREEDING
BIOMETRY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr Dipak Kumar Kar
MSc, PhD
Principal, Asutosh C()llege, Kolkata
Dr Soma Halder
MSc, MTech, PhD
Assistant Professor, Asutosh College, Kolkata
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P~ANT BREEDING, BIOMETRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY• Dr Dipak Kumar Kar, Dr Soma Halder
© Copyright reserved by the Authors
.Publication, Distribution, and Promotion Rights reserved by the Publisher
All rights reserved. No pan of the text in general, and the figures, diagrams, page layout,
and cover design in particular, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or by any information storage
and retrieval system-wirhout the prior written permission of the Publisher
First Published: August 2006
Reprinted: January 2008
Revised and Enlarged Second Edition: August 2010
Reprinted: 2013
Reprinted: January 2017
PUBLISHE!l,. ANO TYPESETTER
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ISBN: 978 81 7381 633 8
Price~ 325.00
CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition IX
Preface to the First Edition x
PLANT BREEDING
1. PLANT BREEDING: AN INTRODUCTION 3-9
History, Origin and Evolution of Crop Plants: Centres of Origin; Patterns of
Evolution; Domestication; Origin of Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Tea; Scope and
Objectives; Questions
2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS IN CROP PLANTS 10-27
Mode of Reproduction: Vegetative, Apomixis, Sexual and their significance
in generating and fixing variations; Breeding Systems: Self-Pollinated,
Cross-Pollinated; Pollination Control: Incomp.atibility: Types and Use; Male
Sterility: Types and Utilization; Questions
3. BREEDING METHODS: INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION 28-34
Purpose; Procedure; Agencies in India; Merits and Demerits; Achievements;
Maintenance of Germplasm (Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, Seed Bank, NBPGR);
Questions
4. BREEDING METHODS: SELECTION 35-44
Mass Selection; Pure Line Selection; Recurrent Selection; Clonal Selection:
Purpose, Procedure, Merits and Demerits, Achievements; Comparison;
Questions
5. BREEDING METHODS: HYBRIDIZATION 45~69
Purpose; General Technique; Hybridization in Self-Pollinated Crops:
Pedigree Method, Bulk Method, Back-Cross Method: Procedure, Merits and
Demerits, Achievements; Hybridization in Cross-Pollinated Crops;
Questions
6. HETEROSIS AND HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION 70-80
Hybrid Vigour vs Inbreeding Depression; Manifestation ofHeterosis; Causes
of Heterosis; Genetic basis of Heterosis; Physiological basis of Heterosis;
Utilization in Plant Breeding; Hybrid Seed Production; Questions
7. BREEDING METHODS: SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURE 81-96
Mutation Breeding; Polyploidy Breeding; Biotechnology in Plant Breeding;
Use of Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding; Questions
v
VI Contents
8. CULTIVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SOME CROPS 97-116
Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Jute, Tea; Questions
BIOMETRY
9. BIOMETRY: AN INTRODUCTION 119-136
Biometry: Application and Limitation; Population and Sample; Variable and
Variate; Sampling; Data and its types; Frequency Distribution; Represen
tation of Data; Questions
10. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION 137-158
Central Tendency: Mean, Mode and Median; Distribution Patterns;
Dispersion: Mean Deviation; Variance; Standard Deviation; Coefficient of
Variation; Standard Error; Questions
11. TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 159-176
Test of Significance: Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis; Student's
't' Test, Degree of Freedom, Determination of Significance, Unpaired 't' Test
and Paired 't' Test: Practical Sheets, t-Table and Examples; Analysis of
Variance: F-Statistics-Practical Sheets, F-Table and Example; Questions
12. PROBABILITY AND CHI-SQUARE TEST 177-201
Probability: Events, Addition Theory, Multiplication Theory, Binomial
x2
Distribution, Significance in Genetics; Chi-square (X2) Test: Application,
Test for Goodness of Fit, Examples: 3: 1, 9: 3: 3: l, l : l, l : 1 : l : 1,
9 : 7, 13 : 3, 15 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1; x2 Test for Association of Attributes, Yates
Correction; Questions
13. CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 202-208
Correlation: Different Kinds, Coefficient of Correlation, Significance;
Regression and Regression line; Questions
14. MEASUREMENT OF GENE FRQUENCY 209-214
Population Genetics: Measurement of Gene Frequency; Genotype Frequency
and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; Factors Affecting Gene Frequency;
Questions
BIOSTATISTICAL SYMBOLS, FORMULAE AND TABLES 215-224
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
15. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION 227-230
Areas and Branches; Scope and Prospects; Questions
l6. PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND
APPLICATIONS 231-249
Cellular Totipotency; Laboratory Requirements; Culture Medium; Aseptic
Manipulation; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tissue Culture Types; Applications
of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; Questions
Contents v11
17. CALLUS CULTURE AND CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE 250-261
Callus Culture: Initiation and Maintenance; Significance of Callus Culture;
Suspension Culture: Initiation and Maintenance, Types of Suspension
Culture; Utility of Suspension Culture; Single Cell Culture and Cell Plating;
Questions
18. PLANT REGENERATION AND MICROPROPAGATION 262-279
Organogenesis: Direct and Indirect; Somatic Embryogenesis: Difference
with Zygotic Embryogenesis; Applications; Synthetic/Artificial Seed:
Method of Embryo Encapsulation, Potential Uses; Micropropagation:
Methods, Stages, Advantages, Commercial Uses; Questions
19. ZYGOTIC EMBRYO CULTURE AND EMBRYO RESCUE 280-285
Types of Embryo Culture; Procedure of Embryo Culture; Applications of
Embryo Culture; Questions
20. PROTOPLAST CULTURE AND SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION 286-300
Protoplast Isolation; Protoplast Culture; Protoplast Fusion; Somatic Hybri-
dization; Cybrid Production; Practical Applications; Questions
21. ANTHER-POLLEN CULTURE AND HAPLOID PLANTS 301-310
Anther Culture; Pollen Culture; Process of Androgenesis; Gynogenic Hap-
loids; Haploid Plants and their use in Plant Breeding; Questions
22. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 311-342
Purpose and Basic Steps; Enzymes Involved; Cloning Vectors; Gene Cloning
Technique; Screening Technique; Genomic and cDNA Libraries; Molecular
Mapping; DNA Fingerprinting; Gene Amplification (PCR); Gene Sequen
cing; Plant Genome Projects; Questions
23. BIOINFORMATICS 343-356
Scope and Areas; Genomics; Proteomics; Transcriptomics; Metabolomics;
Institutes, Websites, Databases, Tools; Industrial Use; Systems Biology;
Questions
24. GENE TRANSFER AND TRANSGENIC PLANTS 357-372
Vector Mediated Gene Transter: Vectors, Transfer via Agrobacterium; Direct
Gene Transfer; Confirmation of Transferred Gene; Transgenic Plants; Impact
of Transgenic Crops on Society; Questions
25. APPLICATIONS OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 373-381
Agriculture; Industry; Healthcare; Environment; Questions
GLOSSARY 383-398
SUGGESTED READINGS 399-400
INDEX 401-412
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The second revised and enlarged edition of the book includes a separate section of 'Plant Biotechnology'
in addition to 'Plant Breeding' and 'Biometry'.
PLANT BREEDING, an art as well as science, has played a pivotal role in the Green Revolution
of the country by the improvement of ex;sting varieties of crops. This book covers the principles
and methods of plant breeding. Elementary principles of Genetics-the foundation-stones of plant
breeding-are explained in precise details. Both conventional methods, viz. introduction and accli
matization, selection, hybridization, heterosis and supplementary methods, viz. polyploidy breeding,
mutation breeding have been discussed using suitable examples from Indian context. The recent
advances in molecular genetics have resulted in the use of biotechnology as the modern method of
breeding in 21st century. Such cutting-edge advances are also under the purview of our book.
BIOMETRY has proved indispensable with the progress in various disciplines of life science. The
estimation of probable truth of any biological statement can only be judged by statistical assessments. As
the data of bioscience are of a variable nature, the collected data must be processed properly to get con
crete conclusion(s) after classification, tabulation, comparison, correlation, and interpretation. The diffe
rent basic methods of Biostatistics have been exhaustively discussed with objectives, principles, merits and
demerits-supplemented ~ tables, practical sheets, solved problems and a set of illuminating exercises.
BIOTECHNOLOGY is the controlled use of biological systems for the benefit of human society.
Plant Biotechnology has come to the forefront of scientific disciplines simply because of tremendous
development in 'Genetic Engineering' on the one hand and 'Plant Tissue Culture' on the other. The book
covers the methods by which genes can be chemically resolved, isolated, synthesized and subjected to
manipulation through 'Recombinant DNA Technology'. The inherent property of 'Totipotency' in plant
cells has opened up the avenue of artificial culturing of plants through 'in vitro technique' which is also
under the discussion of the book. Recombinant DNA technology coupled with advances of in vitro tech
nique have resulted in direct transfer of genes from one organism to another to develop the 'Transgenic
Plants' or 'GM crops' for their use in agriculture, industry, healthcare and environment. Different
techniques and applications of Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering have been thoroughly
depicted in this book alongwith the necessary diagrams, photographs, examples.
This textbook claims little originality in content or presentation and, naturally, heavily drawn from
earlier texts on the subject. However, this is a sincere attempt on the part of the authors to present this
part ~f plant science in a comprehensive and precise manner for a meaningful interaction with the eru
dite teachers and the intelligent taught. The subject matter of the book is concise with uptodate informa
tion bearing necessary charts, tables, diagrams, photographs, and examples. We have endeavoured to
keep the text simple and lucid, arranged in logical and sequential manner.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr Amitabha Sen and Dr (Mrs) Mita Sen of New Central Book
Agency for their spontaneous acceptance and ardent enthusiasm in publishing this book. It has been a
pleasure for us to work with Mr Soumen Paul and other members of the publishing house, specially
Mr Ashft Kr Ghosh, Mr Prabhat Jas, and Mr Prabir Ghosh, all of whom took great care to produce the book.
Constructive criticisms and suggestions from readers-both students and teachers-will be highly
appreciated.
16th January 20 JO Dr Dipak Kumar Kar
Asutosh College Dr Soma Halder
Kolkata
IX