Plant Biotechnology and Genetics: Principles, Techniques

416 Pages·2008·7.69 MB·English

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND GENETICS

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND GENETICS:
Principles, Techniques, and
Applications
Edited by
C. Neal Stewart, Jr.
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Copyright#2008byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Stewart,C.Neal.
Plantbiotechnologyandgenetics:principles,techniquesandapplications/
C.NealStewart,Jr.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-04381-3(cloth/cd)
1. Plantbiotechnology. 2. Plantgenetics. 3. Transgenicplants. I. Title.
TP248.27.P55S742008
660.605—dc22
2008002719
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Thisbookisdedicatedtoboththepioneersand
thestudentsofplantbiotechnology

& CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Foreword to Plant Biotechnology and Genetics xix
Contributors xxiii
1. PlantAgriculture:TheImpactofBiotechnology 1
GrahamBrookes
1.0 ChapterSummaryandObjectives 1
1.0.1 Summary 1
1.0.2 DiscussionQuestions 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 BiotechnologyCropsPlantings 2
1.3 WhyFarmersUseBiotechCrops 4
1.3.1 Herbicide-TolerantCrops 7
1.3.2 Insect-ResistantCrops 7
1.3.3 Conclusion 8
1.4 HowtheAdoptionofPlantBiotechnologyHasImpactedtheEnvironment 8
1.4.1 EnvironmentalImpactsfromChangesinInsecticideandHerbicideUse 9
1.4.2 ImpactonGreenhouseGas(GHG)Emissions 12
1.5 Conclusions 14
References 19
2. MendelianGeneticsandPlantReproduction 21
MatthewD.HalfhillandSuzanneI.Warwick
2.0 ChapterSummaryandObjectives 21
2.0.1 Summary 21
2.0.2 DiscussionQuestions 21
2.1 GeneticsOverview 22
2.2 MendelianGenetics 25
2.2.1 LawofSegregation 28
2.2.2 LawofIndependentAssortment 28
2.3 MitosisandMeiosis 30
2.3.1 Mitosis 31
2.3.2 Meiosis 32
2.3.3 Recombination 32
2.3.4 CytogeneticAnalysis 33
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.4 PlantReproductiveBiology 34
2.4.1 HistoryofResearch 34
2.4.2 MatingSystems 35
2.4.2.1 SexualReproduction 35
2.4.2.2 AsexualReproduction 38
2.4.2.3 MatingSystemsSummary 38
2.4.3 HybridizationandPolyploidy 39
2.5 Conclusion 41
References 45
3. PlantBreeding 47
NicholasA.Tinker
3.0 ChapterSummaryandObjectives 47
3.0.1 Summary 47
3.0.2 DiscussionQuestions 47
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 CentralConceptsinPlantBreeding 49
3.2.1 SimpleversusComplexInheritance 49
3.2.2 PhenotypeversusGenotype 51
3.2.3 MatingSystems,Varieties,Landraces,andPureLines 52
3.2.4 OtherTopicsinPopulationandQuantitativeGenetics 55
3.2.5 TheValueofaPlantVarietyDependsonManyTraits 56
3.2.6 VarietiesMustBeAdaptedtoEnvironments 56
3.2.7 PlantBreedingIsaNumbersGame 57
3.2.8 PlantBreedingIsanIterativeandCollaborativeProcess 57
3.2.9 Diversity,Adaptation,andIdeotypes 58
3.2.10 OtherConsiderations 61
3.3 ObjectivesforPlantBreeding 62
3.4 MethodsofPlantBreeding 63
3.4.1 MethodsofHybridization 63
3.4.1.1 Self-PollinatedSpecies 64
3.4.1.2 OutcrossingSpecies 69
3.4.1.3 SyntheticVarieties 72
3.4.1.4 HybridVarieties 72
3.4.2 ClonallyPropagatedSpecies 74
3.5 BreedingEnhancements 74
3.5.1 DoubledHaploidy 74
3.5.2 Marker-AssistedSelection 75
3.5.3 MutationBreeding 76
3.5.4 Apomixis 77
3.6 Conclusions 77
References 82
4. PlantDevelopmentandPhysiology 83
GlendaE.Gillaspy
4.0 ChapterSummaryandObjectives 83
4.0.1 Summary 83
4.0.2 DiscussionQuestions 83
4.1 PlantAnatomyandMorphology 84