Plant and Food Carotenoids: Methods and Protocols

414 Pages·2020·9.506 MB·English

by  Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción, Ralf Welsch

Methods in
Molecular Biology 2083
Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
Ralf Welsch Editors
Plant and Food
Carotenoids
Methods and Protocols
M M B
ETHODS IN OLECULAR IO LO GY
SeriesEditor
JohnM.Walker
School of Lifeand MedicalSciences
University ofHertfordshire
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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indexedinPubMed.
Plant and Food Carotenoids
Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
Ralf Welsch
Institute for Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Editors
ManuelRodr´ıguez-Concepcio´n RalfWelsch
CentreforResearchinAgricultural InstituteforBiologyII
Genomics(CRAG) UniversityofFreiburg
CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB Freiburg,Germany
Barcelona,Spain
ISSN1064-3745 ISSN1940-6029 (electronic)
MethodsinMolecularBiology
ISBN978-1-4939-9951-4 ISBN978-1-4939-9952-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9952-1
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Preface
Carotenoids are a large group of isoprenoid metabolites covering more than 600 com-
pounds. A typical carotenoid molecule is a C40 hydrocarbon and forms a chromophore of
doublebondsinconjugationwhichabsorbslightinthebluelightspectrum,thusappearing
in colorsranging from yellowto orange and red.Although carotenoids areusually synthe-
sized by photosynthetic organisms such as plants, animals including humans need to
consumecarotenoidswiththeirdiet.Carotenoidspresentinourfoodareanessentialsource
ofretinoidssuchasvitaminAandvisualpigments,buttheyarealsousedtoproduceother
biologically active molecules that prevent degenerative diseases and promote health. In
plants,thefunctionsofcarotenoidscoveralmostallaspectsinbiologicalsystems,including
photosynthesis, protection against oxidative stresses, visual attraction, signaling, aroma
composition,developmentalregulation,andmembranestabilization.
Accordingly,researchoncarotenoidsdevelopedrapidlywithinthelastyears,supported
bythedevelopmentofmethodssuitabletoanalyzecarotenoidcleavageproductsandalsoby
numerous approaches succeeding in altering carotenoid amounts and patterns in various
plant tissues and food sources. Associated with the development of these techniques,
knowledge on the functions of carotenoids increased significantly and provided novel
insights on how carotenoid biosynthesis is dynamically regulated in coordination with
theirstorageanddegradationinplantcellsaswellasthecontributionofcarotenoidcleavage
productsinnumerousprocessesinplantsandanimals.
Thiscollectionofmethodsisintendedtoenablecarotenoidresearchintotheserecently
extendedresearchareasandanswerquestionswhichnowcanbeasked.Themethodsarealso
thoughttosupportresearchersapproachingcarotenoidfunctionsfromadifferentresearch
area,whoarethusnewinthefieldorhaveonlylittleexperience.Accordingly,themethods
are described with additional details of practical relevance usually not included in research
publications,whicharethereforesometimesdifficulttotranslateintoreallablife.Wecovera
wide spectrum of research aspects, including established protocols for carotenogenic and
carotenoid-cleavageenzymecharacterizations,alargechapteronanalytical methodswhich
meetstheneedofincreasingknowledgeoncataboliccarotenoidpathways,chaptersonhow
both anabolic and catabolic pathways can be considered as well as a chapter on imaging
carotenoid storage and carotenogenic metabolon formation in living systems. Finally, we
included practical instructions on how carotenoid metabolism can be altered in model
organismsandhowcarotenoidfunctioncanbeassessedinanimalsystems.
Thismethodcollectionbuildsonthewillingnessofallcontributingauthorstoprovide
theirdetailedlabprotocolsandmakethemavailabletoagreateraudiencewhichwehighly
appreciate. These methods are intended to be used as reference methods to unify research
methods and to allow carotenoid research to be extended into other fields of plant and
animal research. We would like to thank John M. Walker for the invitation to create this
volume of Methods in Molecular Biology and for his careful instructions on the way to
finalizeit.
Barcelona,Spain ManuelRodrı´guez-Concepci(cid:1)on
Freiburg,Germany RalfWelsch
v
Contents
Preface ..................................................................... v
Contributors................................................................. xi
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 PathwaysforCarotenoidBiosynthesis,Degradation,andStorage............. 3
TianhuSun,YaakovTadmor,andLiLi
PART II ACTIVITIES
2 ASimpleInVitroAssaytoMeasuretheActivityofGeranylgeranyl
DiphosphateSynthaseandOtherShort-ChainPrenyltransferases ............. 27
M.VictoriaBarjaandManuelRodrı´guez-Concepci(cid:1)on
3 Expression,Purification,andEnzymeActivityAssayofPhytoene
SynthaseInVitro ....................................................... 39
MaurizioCamagnaandRalfWelsch
4 ImprovedExpressionandPurificationoftheCarotenoidBiosynthetic
EnzymeZ-ISO ......................................................... 53
EleanoreT.WurtzelandJesu´sBeltra´n
5 DeterminationofInVitroandInVivoActivitiesofPlant
CarotenoidCleavageOxygenases ......................................... 63
LourdesG(cid:1)omez-G(cid:1)omez,GianfrancoDiretto,OussamaAhrazem,
andSalimAl-Babili
6 ExpressionandCharacterizationofMammalianCarotenoid
CleavageDioxygenases .................................................. 75
LindaDoraThomas,SrinivasaganRamkumar,
andJohannesvonLintig
7 Transportomicsfor theCharacterizationofPlantApocarotenoid
TransmembraneTransporters............................................. 89
OliviaCostantinaDemurtas,RitadeBritoFrancisco,
EnricoMartinoia,andGiovanniGiuliano
PART III ANALYTICS
8 ApplicationsofVisibleSpectroscopyandColorMeasurementsin
theAssessmentsofCarotenoidLevelsinFoods............................. 103
PaulaMapelli-Brahm,FranciscoJ.Rodrı´guez-Pulido,CarlaM.Stinco,
FranciscoJ.Heredia,andAntonioJ.Mele´ndez-Martı´nez
9 ARoutineMethodfor theExtractionandHPLC-DADProfiling
ofMajorPlantandFoodCarotenoids ..................................... 117
Da´masoHornero-Me´ndez
vii
viii Contents
10 AcquisitionofMassSpectrometryDataofCarotenoids:AFocus
onBigDataManagement................................................ 135
AntonioPe´rez-Ga´lvez,IsabelViera,andMarı´aRoca
11 cis/transCarotenoidExtraction,Purification,Detection,
Quantification,andProfilinginPlantTissues............................... 145
YagizAlagoz,NamrajDhami,ChrisMitchell,
andChristopherI.Cazzonelli
12 DeterminationofPlantVolatileApocarotenoids............................ 165
Jose´L.RamblaandAntonioGranell
13 AMethodforExtractionandLC-MS-BasedIdentification
ofCarotenoid-DerivedDialdehydesinPlants............................... 177
JianingMi,Kun-PengJia,AparnaBalakrishna,
andSalimAl-Babili
14 FractionationofTomatoFruitChromoplasts............................... 189
Karel DePourcqandAlbertBoronat
15 QuantificationofStrigolactones .......................................... 199
CarlosRial,RosaM.Varela,Jose´M.G.Molinillo,
AlexandraG.Dura´n,andFranciscoA.Macı´as
16 CarotenoidandApocarotenoidAnalysisbySFE-SFC-QqQ/MS.............. 209
DanieleGiuffrida,MariosimoneZoccali,andLuigiMondello
PART IV IMAGING
17 ElucidatingCarotenoidBiosyntheticEnzymeLocalization
andInteractionsUsingFluorescentMicroscopy ............................ 223
MariaShumskaya,RenaF.Quinlan,andEleanoreT.Wurtzel
18 VisualizationofCarotenoid-StorageStructuresinFruits
byTransmissionElectronMicroscopy ..................................... 235
JoannaLado,JaimeZacarias,Marı´aJesu´sRodrigo,
andLorenzoZacarı´as
19 LightMicroscopyandRamanImagingofCarotenoidsin
PlantCellsInSituandinReleasedCaroteneCrystals ....................... 245
TomaszOleszkiewicz,MartaZ.Pacia,EwaGrzebelus,
andRafalBaranski
PART V DYNAMICS
20 CarotenoidIsotopologProfilingin13C-LabeledLeafExtracts
byLC-MSandLC-FTICR-MS........................................... 263
Bj¨ornThieleandShizueMatsubara
21 QuantificationofCarotenoidPathwayFluxinGreenand
NongreenSystems...................................................... 279
JulianKoschmiederandRalfWelsch
22 HistochemicalandMolecularQuantificationofArbuscular
Mycorrhiza Symbiosis ................................................... 293
JuanM.Garcı´a,Marı´aJ.Pozo,andJuanA.L(cid:1)opez-Ra´ez
Contents ix
PART VI BIOTECHNOLOGY
23 UseofPotyvirusVectorstoProduceCarotenoidsinPlants .................. 303
Jose´-AntonioDaro`s
24 Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-MediatedStableTransformation
ofDaucuscarota........................................................ 313
ChristianGonzalez-CalquinandClaudiaStange
25 CRISPR-Cas-MediatedGeneKnockoutinTomato ......................... 321
GwenSwinnen,ThomasJacobs,LaurensPauwels,andAlainGoossens
26 ModulationofActivityofaCarotenoidPathwayThroughthe
UseoftheTeT-onRegulatorySystem:ApplicationintheFungus
Fusariumfujikuroi...................................................... 343
JuliaMarente,PedroOrtega,JavierPardo-Medina,JavierAvalos,
andM.CarmenLim(cid:1)on
PART VII NUTRITION AND HEALTH
27 InterventionStudiesinHumans.......................................... 363
Begon˜aOlmedilla-Alonso
28 InVitroDigestionforControlandMonitoringofFoodEffects
inRelationtoMicellarizationIndexofCarotenoids......................... 375
AntonioPe´rez-Ga´lvezandJavierFontecha
29 EvaluationofCarotenoidsProtectionAgainstOxidativeStress
intheAnimalModelCaenorhabditiselegans................................ 387
PatriciaMartorell,SilviaLlopis,Jose´VicenteGil,SalvadorGenove´s,
DanielRam(cid:1)on,LorenzoZacarı´as,andMarı´aJesu´sRodrigo
30 MouseModelstoStudyAntiobesogenicEffectsofCarotenoids .............. 403
JoanRibot,BojanStojnic,AndreuPalou,andM.LuisaBonet
Index ...................................................................... 419
Contributors
OUSSAMA AHRAZEM • DepartamentodeCienciayTecnologı´aAgroforestalyGene´tica,
InstitutoBota´nico,UniversidaddeCastilla-LaMancha,Albacete,Spain
YAGIZALAGOZ • HawkesburyInstitutefor theEnvironment,WesternSydneyUniversity,
Penrith,NSW,Australia
SALIMAL-BABILI • TheBioActivesLab,BiologicalandEnvironmentalSciencesand
EngineeringDivision,KingAbdullahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KAUST),
Thuwal,KingdomofSaudiArabia
JAVIERAVALOS • DepartamentodeGene´tica,FacultaddeBiologı´a,UniversidaddeSevilla,
Seville,Spain
APARNA BALAKRISHNA • TheBioActivesLab,BiologicalandEnvironmentalSciencesand
EngineeringDivision,KingAbdullahUniversityofScienceandTechnology(KAUST),
Thuwal,KingdomofSaudiArabia
RAFALBARANSKI • FacultyofBiotechnologyandHorticulture,DepartmentofPlantBiology
andBiotechnology,UniversityofAgricultureinKrakow,Krakow,Poland
M.VICTORIABARJA • CentreforResearchinAgriculturalGenomics(CRAG),CSIC-IRTA-
UAB-UB,Barcelona,Spain
JESU´SBELTRA´N • DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,LehmanCollege,TheCityUniversityof
NewYork,Bronx,NY,USA;TheGraduateSchoolandUniversityCenter-CUNY,New
York,NY,USA;DepartmentofBotanyandPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,
Riverside,CA,USA
M.LUISABONET • GrupdeRecercaNutrigeno`micaiObesitat,LaboratorideBiologia
Molecular,Nutrici(cid:1)oiBiotecnologia(LBNB)oftheUniversitatdelesIllesBalears,CIBER
deFisiopatologı´adelaObesidadyNutrici(cid:1)on(CIBERobn)andInstitutd’Investigaci(cid:1)o
Sanit`ariaIllesBalears(IdISBa),PalmadeMallorca,Spain
ALBERTBORONAT • CenterforResearchinAgriculturalGenomics(CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB),
Barcelona,Spain;DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiomedicine,Facultyof
Biology,UniversityofBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
MAURIZIOCAMAGNA • GraduateSchoolofBioagriculturalSciences,NagoyaUniversity,
Nagoya,Japan;FacultyofBiology,UniversityofFreiburg,Freiburg,Germany
CHRISTOPHERI.CAZZONELLI • HawkesburyInstitutefor theEnvironment,WesternSydney
University,Penrith,NSW,Australia
JOSE´-ANTONIO DARO`S • InstitutodeBiologı´aMolecular yCelulardePlantas(Consejo
SuperiordeInvestigacionesCientı´ficas-UniversitatPolite`cnicadeVale`ncia),Valencia,
Spain
RITADEBRITOFRANCISCO • DepartmentofPlantandMicrobialBiology,Universityof
Zurich,Zurich,Switzerland
OLIVIACOSTANTINADEMURTAS • ENEA,ItalianNationalAgencyforNewTechnologies,
EnergyandSustainableEconomicDevelopment,C.R.Casaccia,Rome,Italy
KARELDEPOURCQ • Center forResearchinAgriculturalGenomics(CSIC-IRTA-UAB-
UB),Barcelona,Spain;DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiomedicine,Faculty
ofBiology,UniversityofBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
NAMRAJDHAMI • HawkesburyInstitutefor theEnvironment,WesternSydneyUniversity,
Penrith,NSW,Australia
xi