Planning Under Pressure: The Strategic Choice Approach

413 Pages·2005·15.27 MB·English

by  John Friend, Allen Hickling

Planning Under Pressure
DEDICATION
to MARI (Friend) and JUDITH (Hickling)
whosetolerance,inspirationandsupporthavebeensoimportanttousoverall
theyearswhilewehavebeenworkingonsuccessiveeditionsofthisbook.
Theytoohavehadtoplanunderpressureinmanagingthework/lifebalances
oftheirowncreativecareers,andinmeetingtheever-changingdemandsof
ourgrowingfamilieswhilewehavesooftenbeenabsentorpreoccupied.
JohnFriend
AllenHickling
Planning Under Pressure
The Strategic Choice Approach
Third edition
John Friend
Sheffield, UK
Allen Hickling
Warwickshire, UK
Plus a new chapter containing invited contributions
from 21 users
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON•NEWYORK•OXFORD
PARIS•SANDIEGO•SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO
ElsevierButterworth-Heinemann
LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP
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Firstpublished1987
Secondedition1997
Thirdedition2005
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Contents
Authors’prefacetothethirdedition vii
Forewordtothethirdedition ix
Authors’prefacetothesecondedition xi
Authors’prefacetothefirstedition xv
Forewordtothefirstedition xix
Aquickaccessguide xxi
1 Foundations 1
2 Workingintoproblems 23
3 Workingtowardsdecisions 43
4 Orientations 67
5 Skillsinshaping 89
6 Skillsindesigning 119
7 Skillsincomparing 147
8 Skillsinchoosing 179
9 Practicalities 211
10 Theelectronicresource 245
11 Extensionsinprocessmanagement 257
12 Invention,transformationandinterpretation 273
13 Learningfromothers
By21invitedcontributors:seeoverleaffornames 295
14 Thedevelopmentalchallenge 361
Accesstofurtherinformation 369
Bibliography 373
Index 379
v
List of Contributors to Chapter 13
13.1 JonathanRosenhead,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UK 298
13.2 KnutStrömberg,ChalmersUniversity,Sweden
Jaan-HenrikKain,ChalmersUniversity,Sweden 303
13.3 FransEvers,EnvironmentalPolicyDirector,TheNetherlands 308
13.4 RichardOrmerod,WarwickBusinessSchool,UK 312
13.5 ArnoldvanderValk,WageningenUniversity,TheNetherlands
GerritJanCarsjens,WageningenUniversity,TheNetherlands 315
13.6 DaveFriend,SoftwareDesignConsultant,WestYorkshire,UK 319
13.7 AlessandroGiangrande,UniversitàRomaTre,Italy
ElenaMortola,UniversitàRomaTre,Italy 322
13.8 RebeccaHerron,UniversityofLincoln,UK
DennisFinlayson,InternationalDevelopmentConsultant,UK 327
13.9 RichardHarris,IndependentProcessConsultant,UK 331
13.10 RobAngell,EnvironmentalPolicyConsultantandFacilitator,UK 336
13.11 MikeCushman,LondonSchoolofEconomics,UK
AlbertoFranco,WarwickBusinessSchool,Coventry,UK 340
13.12 ElisendaVila,PlanningConsultant,Venezuela
AnaMariaBenaiges,PlanningConsultant,Venezuela 345
13.13 BrendanHickling,IndependentFacilitatorandMediator,UK 349
13.14 JackiePhahlamohlaka,RuralEducationPioneer,SouthAfrica 353
13.15 LenyBregman,EnvironmentalProjectManager,TheNetherlands 357
vi
Authors’ preface to the third edition
In 1996, when we drafted our authors’ preface to the second edition of this book, we would
havebeenverysurprisedbyanysuggestionthatwemightfindourselvesagaininvitedtocome
togethertoproduceathirdeditionintheearlyyearsofthetwenty-firstcentury.
Weare,ofcourse,delightedthatinterestinthestrategicchoiceapproachanditsapplications
hascontinuedtogrow,spreadingtonewpartsoftheworldandnewgenerationsasfreshareas
ofapplicationcontinuetoemerge.Sowewelcometheopportunitytoaddsomenewcontent,
andtoreviewthewayinwhichwehadpresentedourconceptsandmethodsinearliereditions.
Both of us have now passed normal retiring age, and have started to limit our commitments
accordingly. So the question arose: were we ourselves necessarily the ones who should be
writingaboutthesenewdevelopments?Orshouldwenowinviteotherstojoinusinpresenting
the learning points arising from their recent experiences, and speculating about what further
developmentsthenextfewdecadeswillbring?
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM OTHERS
Finallyweagreedtoinviteseveralofourmorerecentassociates,andalsosomewhomwehave
known for many years, to make short contributions to a new chapter, entitled Learning from
Others. Fifteen contributions in all are brought together in our new Chapter 13. They present
theviewsoftwenty-oneauthorsandco-authors,abouthalfofthemfromourowncountryand
halffromotherpartsoftheworld.Amongthekeypointsthatcomethrougharethefollowing:
• It is both possible and worthwhile to be inventive in combining the methods presented in
thisbookwithcomplementarymethodsofinteractiveworkingfromothertoolboxes–andto
reflectdeeplyontheoutcomessothatlessonsfromtheseexperiencescanbewidelyshared;
• The guidelines to the management of extensive projects offered in Chapter 11 offer new
andpracticalsolutionstothedevelopmentofagreedpositionsinimportantfieldsofnational
andindeedtrans-nationalpolicy.Thishasbeendemonstratednotleastintheimportantand
complexdomainofenvironmentalpolicy,whichdifferentstakeholderstendtoapproachfrom
opposingandsometimesdeeplyentrenchedpositions;
• In parallel, the potential has now been widely demonstrated for introducing the principles
andmethodsoftheStrategicChoiceApproachquicklyandinformallyintomoreinformaland
localised arenas of decision-making such as community development, urban regeneration
andruralcapacity-building,wheremanifoldexternalpolicyinfluencescanimpingeinintricate
andunpredictableways;
• It is a matter for celebration rather than concern that several people who have found the
Strategic Choice Approach helpful in their own worlds of decision-making have introduced
interpretationsandtransformationsoftheirown,toincreaseitsacceptabilityinthevarious
decision-makingculturesinwhichtheywork.
vii
Authors’prefacetothethirdedition
OTHER CHANGES
To pave the way for the new multi-authored Chapter 13, we have made some adaptations
to the coverage of the two newer Chapters 10 and 11 that we added in our second edition.
Chapter10reflectstheexperiencesofJohnFriendindevelopingsoftwaretosupportstrategic
choicesincethefirsteditionappeared,whileChapter11reflectsAllenHickling’sexperiencesin
adaptingtheapproachtothemanagementofextensiveprojects.Also,wehaveinsertedalinking
chapter – Chapter 12 – in which we take stock of the variety of changes in presentation and
terminology that have been introduced by other people – and sometimes by ourselves. Each
chapter from 11 onwards begins with a synopsis in bold typeface, to highlight its contribution
tothisedition.
After the introduction of the twenty-one new voices in Chapter 13, we return in our closing
Chapter14tolookafreshatthedevelopmentalchallengethatwasposedinthefinalchapterof
oursecondedition–recognisingthattheworldarounduscontinuestochangeinwaystowhich
weandoursuccessorsmustlearntofashionresponsesinpracticalyetcreativeways.
In general, the additions in this new edition have been more concerned with developments
in practice than in theory. Co-incidentally, however, the international journal Planning Theory
is publishing a special issue (Volume 3, No. 3, November 2004; Mandelbaum, ed.) just as our
neweditionappears,inwhichfoursetsofinvitedcontributorsfromEuropeandNorthAmerica
present appreciations of the contributions of our work to the development of planning theory.
All these papers emphasise our uniquely close link with planning practice, and the issue ends
withaninvitedresponsefromJohnFriend.
A COMPANION WEBSITE
Advances in technology, since our second edition appeared, now offer a new solution to the
familiarchallengeofkeepingthecontentofanybooksuchasthisoneuptodate.Thecompanion
websitethatourpublishershavemadeavailableforPlanningunderPressurehasbeendesigned
notonlyforusebystudents,butalsoasaforuminwhichabroaderdialoguewithusers,research-
ersandconsultantscanbeallowedtodevelopinaflexible,spontaneousandsustainableway.
Weshallhavetoseehowthisnewchanneldevelops;allwecandonowistodoourbesttogive
itaflyingstart.Thewebreferenceishttp://books.elsevier.com/companions/0750663731.
A NEW FOREWORD
We could think of nobody more appropriate to invite to write a short foreword for this third
editionthanArnolddeJong,ourlong-standingDutchassociatewhohasworkedalongsideuson
many assignments in Europe and who, through his extensive facilitation practice, has demon-
strated repeatedly how the skills and methods presented in this book can generate additional
confidence and wider support for important development decisions at local, regional, national
and international levels. Our hope is that his example will be followed by many talented and
inventiveyoungerpeopleasournewtwenty-firstcenturyunfolds.
JohnFriend
AllenHickling
April2004
viii