Table Of ContentCities and Nature
Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira
Ian Mell Editors
Planning
Cities with
Nature
Theories, Strategies and Methods
Cities and Nature
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Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira
Ian Mell
Editors
Planning Cities with Nature
Theories, Strategies and Methods
123
Editors
FabianoLemes deOliveira IanMell
Portsmouth Schoolof Architecture Schoolof Environment, Education
University of Portsmouth andDevelopment
Portsmouth,UK University of Manchester
Manchester, UK
ISSN 2520-8306 ISSN 2520-8314 (electronic)
Cities andNature
ISBN978-3-030-01865-8 ISBN978-3-030-01866-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01866-5
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Contents
Part I Cities and Nature in History
1 Understanding Landscape:CulturalPerceptions ofEnvironment
in the UK and China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ying Li and Ian Mell
2 Green Wedges: The Resilience of a Planning Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira
3 Demystified Territories: City Versus Countryside in Andrea
Branzi’s Urban Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Pablo Martínez Capdevila
4 The Introduction of Nature in the Austrian Radicals Practice . . . . 45
Alessandro Melis
5 University Campuses: Experimentations on the Relations
Between City and Nature in Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Klaus C. Alberto
Part II Planning Models, Theories and Methods for Re-naturing
Cities
6 Towards a Spatial Planning Framework for the Re-naturing
of Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira
7 Green Networks as a Key of Urban Planning with Thermal
Comfort and Well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ornella Iuorio and Loyde A. Harbich
v
vi Contents
8 Relationships Between Urban Green Areas and Health in China,
Brazil and the UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Klaus C. Alberto, Loyde A. Harbich and Ying Li
9 Planning a Green City: The Case of Helsinki, 2002–2018. . . . . . . . 121
Matti O. Hannikainen
Part III The Right to Green: Multiple Perspectives
10 The Democracy of Green Infrastructure: Some Examples
from Brazil and Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
S. Caputo, V. Donoso, Fabiana Izaga and P. Britto
11 Re-naturing the City for Health and Wellbeing: Green/Blue
Urban Spaces as Sites of Renewal and Contestation. . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Mary Gearey, Lynette Robertson, Jamie Anderson, Paula Barros
and Deborah Cracknell
12 Do Built Environment AssessmentSystemsInclude High-Quality
Green Infrastructure?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Danielle Sinnett, Tom Calvert and Nick Smith
13 Establishing Payment for Environmental Services in Urban
Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
José Antônio Tietzmann e Silva, Josyanne P. Giesta,
Luciane M. de Araújo and Mariana R. R. dos Santos
14 Perspectives on Green: Recent Urbanisation Works
and Measures in Brazil and India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Fabiana Izaga, José Guilherme Schutzer and Komali Kantamaneni
Part IV Systemic Planning for Resilient Green and Blue Cities
15 Understanding and Applying Ecological Principles in Cities. . . . . . 217
HeatherRumble,FabioAngeoletto,StuartConnop,MarkA.Goddard
and Caroline Nash
16 People-Policy-Options-Scale (PPOS) Framework:
Reconceptualising Green Infrastructure Planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Ian Mell, Camila Sant’Anna, Karin Schwabe Meneguetti
and Julia Rodrigues Leite
17 For More Sponge Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Karla Emmanuela Ribeiro Hora and Maurício Martines Sales
Contents vii
18 Green Infrastructure in the Space of Flows: An Urban
Metabolism Approach to Bridge Environmental Performance
and User’s Wellbeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Daniela Perrotti and Ornella Iuorio
Part V Conclusions
19 Re-naturing our Future Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Ian Mell and Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira
Introduction
Dichotomies of man and nature, the city and the countryside and urbanity and the
naturalworldhavemarkedthewayinwhichurbansocietieshaveconstructedtheir
presence in the world. This book is not about either (…) or (…), but of both (…)
and(…).Itisaboutbalance.Itisaboutthecity,anditisaboutnature.Inparticular,
it concerns the ways in which planning with nature can support both human and
non-human life in face of current and predicted global challenges. The book sits
withinatraditionofplanningthoughtthathascentreditsattentioninthepursuitof
harmony between anthropic and biotic environments. Examples of such attempts
datebacktoFrederickLawOlmsted’swritings,theGardenCitytraditionandmore
recently branches of environmental planning derived from Ian McHarg’s seminal
work Design with Cities (1969), such as Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty’s
book Ecological Urbanism (2010) and Tim Beatley’s Biophilic Cities (2011). In a
periodinwhichurbanisationratesarepredictedtoincreaseglobally,leadingto,ina
scenario of non-action, further worsening of the ecological and environmental
crisis, this book explores novel theories, strategies and methods for re-naturing
cities.
There is today strong interest in the theme, since “naturalising” cities can help
address a range of societal challenges and generate multiple benefits, such as the
enhancement of health and well-being, sustainable urbanisation, provision of
ecosystem services and resilience to climate change. There is, thus, a compelling
casetoinvestigateintegrativeapproachestourbanandnaturalsystemsabletohelp
cities address their social, economic and environmental needs. Questions though
remain,suchashowcanweplanwithnature?Whataretheprecedents,modelsand
approaches that can be used to develop more sustainable cities that provide
high-quality urban green spaces? How to do so without leaving anyone behind?
How to integrate such thinking into current planning practice?
To address these questions, this book brings together experts from a range of
disciplines, such as town planning, urban design, urban ecology, biology, archi-
tecture, environmental planning and environmental law. Furthermore, while it is
knownthattheeffectsofpopulationgrowthandclimatechangewillhitdeveloping
countries harder, perspectives from the Global South are often overlooked in the
ix
x Introduction
discourses regarding re-naturing cities. This publication, instead, attempts to bal-
ance discourses and practices from developed and developing countries. The book
explores top-down, bottom-up and mixed mechanisms for the development of
systemic re-naturing of planned and existing cities.
The origins of this book can be found in the Newton Fund Researcher Links
Workshop Re-naturing Cities: Theories, Strategies and Methodologies held in
Goiânia, Brazil, in July 2017. Funded by the British Council and FAPEG, the
workshopinvolvedvariousBrazilianandUKresearchers,aswellaspolicymakers.
Contributions from other authors are also included, broadening the geographical
and thematic scope covered. The book is structured into four main parts and a
section on the future of re-naturing cities.
Part I, entitled Cities and Nature in History, is composed of chapters that
challenge or reconsider a dichotomist view of these concepts in history. It brings
together contributions about perceptions of nature in cities, balancing urbanisation
andnature,aswellasradicalvisionsforcitiesandterritoriesinwhichnatureplayed
a key role. This part begins with Li and Mell’s chapter presenting a comparative
discussion of philosophical and historical views of nature from the perspectives of
ChinaandtheUK.Itbringsattentiontotheimportanceofconsideringsocialvalues
in contemporary re-naturing debates, often too preoccupied in ensuring that eco-
nomic value is determined and presented to validate green and blue space inter-
ventions in cities. Balancing urbanisation and nature is the theme of Chap. 2, by
Lemes de Oliveira. It presents the relevance of the green wedge idea in urbanism
across the twentieth century, showing how the idea became the foundation of
different urban models. It suggests that the idea is adaptable and can contribute to
contemporarychallengessuchastheprovisionofintra-urbangreenspaceandurban
sustainability.Thefollowingtwochapters,byMelisandMartínez,bringtothefore
the role of radicalism in considering man and nature, and city and country
dichotomies through examples from Austria and Italy. The topic of university
campusesasgreenislandsisdiscussedinthelastchapterofthispart,showinghow
large civic institutions have engaged historically with the re-naturing agenda.
PartII,PlanningModels,TheoriesandMethodsforRe-naturingCities,focuses
on the roles that positive spatial planning and planning models have to play in
fosteringthere-naturingofcities.ThispartstartswithLemesdeOliveira’sChap.6
onthedevelopmentofaspatialplanningframeworkforthere-naturingofcities.It
analyses key planning models against re-naturing principles, arguing for hybrid
approaches in order to maximise the delivery of ecosystem services in cities.
Particular attention is given to thermal comfort and theenhancement of health and
well-being in the following two chapters. Harbich and Iuorio show through
quantitative methods how green infrastructure (GI) can be used for thermal regu-
lation in urban areas. In turn, Alberto, Harbich and Li concentrated on a compar-
ativeanalysisofdiscoursesabouttherelationshipbetweengreenspacesinhealthin
China, UK and Brazil within Chap. 8. Hannikainen, in Chap. 9, discusses the
paradoxesofthewilltoplanagreencityandthecontrastingneedtoaccommodate
population growth, using the case of Helsinki.
