Planning and Operation of Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Technical, Geographical, and Social Aspects

251 Pages·2019·19.365 MB·English

by  Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
Planning and
Operation of
Plug-In Electric
Vehicles
Technical, Geographical, and Social
Aspects
Planning and Operation of Plug-In Electric Vehicles
Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
Planning and Operation
of Plug-In Electric Vehicles
Technical, Geographical, and Social Aspects
MehdiRahmani-Andebili
DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy
UniversityofAlabamainHuntsville
Huntsville,AL,USA
ISBN978-3-030-18021-8 ISBN978-3-030-18022-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18022-5
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Preface
Thisbookdiscussesthestudyoperationsandplanningproblemsofplug-inelectric
vehicles(PEV)whileconsideringthesocialandgeographicalaspectsofchallenges,
andtheirtechnicalcharacteristics.
A significant portion of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are
attributedtothetransportationsector.Transportationelectrificationisseenasoneof
thesolutionstotheabovementionedchallengestomitigatethegeopoliticalconcerns
about the availability offossil fuels andglobal warming. Due tothe economicand
environmental benefitsof electric vehiclesand PEVs, they are gaining more popu-
larityintheauto-market,sincetheycanbechargedbytherenewableenergysources
asthecleanandfreesourcesofenergy.
Governments worldwide are implementing financial incentives to accelerate the
transition from the internal combustion engine vehicles to the electric ones to
achieve their own energy security and climate change mitigation goals. On the
other hand, as the battery prices decrease, the unsubsidized electric vehicles are
madeasaffordableastheirgasolinecounterparts.
Anumberofresearchorganizationspredictthattheelectricvehicles’(including
PEVs) sales will surpass the gasoline and diesel vehicles’ sales in the near future.
Therefore, the PEVs’ drivers, as the new electricity customers, will consume a
considerable portion of electricity in the future. Although a single PEV does not
have a remarkable effect on the electric power system, the uncontrolled charging/
dischargingpatternofalargenumberofPEVshasapotentialtonegativelyaffectthe
powersystem’sperformanceandputitatarisk.Inotherwords,theuncoordinated
charging/dischargingofPEVsmaycauseseveralseriousissuesfordifferentpartsof
powersystemsuchascausinganoverloadinginthegenerationsystem,acongestion
inthetransmissionanddistributionlines,andspikesintheelectricitymarketprices.
Therefore,thefleetmanagementofPEVsinapowersystemisunavoidableandeven
desirable.
ThePEVsaretypicallyidlechargingforlongperiodsoftimeandthereforealarge
sizeofelectricpowerandcapacitywillbeavailabletothosevehicles.Inthisregard,
thepowersystemoperatorsandPEVaggregatorscanplayakeyroletomitigatethe
v
vi Preface
abovementionedchallengesandissues,sincetheycanmotivatethePEVdrivers,by
offeringavarietyofincentivestothem,toletthemmanagetheirvehicles’charging
timeconsideringtherequestedexpectationofdriverstohaveadesirablechargelevel
atthedeparturetime.Byimplementingthisplan,theoperatorsandaggregatorscan
take part in different activities in the power markets and provide the benefits for
themselves,fortheelectricpowersystem,andevenforthePEVowners.
In order to model the social characteristics of drivers from the sociology and
economic points of view, the drivers are stratified in three different social classes
based on their income level including low-income, moderate-income, and high-
income. This type of classification is necessary to be considered in the modelling
ofdrivers’interactionwiththepowersystemoperatorsandPEVaggregators,since
thedrivers,belongingtodifferentsocialclasses,dissimilarlyreactwithrespecttothe
value of incentive. In other words, this social classification helps determine the
responsiveness degree of drivers about the cooperation request received from an
agentinthesmartgrid.Generally,thelow-incomeandhigh-incomedriversaremore
andlesslikelytobeinterestedintheproposedincentive,respectively.Thisassump-
tionisappliedtomodelthesocialaspectofproblemsstudiedinthebook.
Furthermore,inordertomodelthegeographicalfeaturesofproblems,thedriving
routesandthehourlydistanceofPEVsfromthechargingstationsorparkinglotsare
modelled.Thiskindofmodellingisobligatory,sincetheresponsivenessprobability
of drivers (even belonging to the same social class) with respect to the value of
incentivewillnotbeequaliftheyhavedifferentdistancesfromachargingstation.
The technical specifications of PEVs that have been considered in the book
chapters include the hourly state of charge of a PEV, the depth of discharge limit
definedforaPEV,thevariousPEVtypeswithdifferentratedpowersandcapacities,
theefficiencyofaPEV’sbattery,thecapabilityofaPEVforthevehicle-to-gridand
grid-to-vehicleservicesprovision,thePEV’sbatterydegradation,thePEVparking
lotpowerandcapacity,andtheyearlymaintenanceofPEVparkinglot.
Twotypesofproblemincludingtheplanningandoperationproblemsarestudied
in the book. The first five chapters are concerned with the operation problems;
however, the sixth chapter covers the planning problem, and a data analysis tech-
nique is presented in the seventh chapter. In this book, the operation problems are
studiedinthelevelofbothelectricalgenerationanddistributionsystems,whilethe
planningproblemisconcernedwiththeelectricaldistributionsystem.
Thoseproblemsthatdealwiththeelectricalgenerationsystem(Chaps.1,2,and
3)considerthetechnicalandsocialaspectsofproblemandignorethegeographical
aspect, since the location of vehicle-to-grid and grid-to-vehicle services provision
does not matter for a generation company. However, the problems related to the
electricaldistributionsystem(Chaps.4,5,and6)takeintoaccountthegeographical
characteristics of area, in addition to the technical specifications of PEVs and the
socialaspectofdrivers.
Theproblemsthatdealwiththegenerationsystemarestudiedfromageneration
company’spointofviewandinvestigatetheeffectsofoptimalfleetmanagementof
PEVsontherealpowermarkets’demands,unitcommitmentproblem,andspinning
reserve capacity provision problem. Moreover, the problems concerning with the
Preface vii
electrical distribution system are investigated from a distribution company’s view-
point and cover the robust operation of distribution system, optimal operation of a
PEV parking lot in the energy market, and optimal placement and sizing of PEV
parkinglotsbyoptimalfleetmanagementofPEVs.
In the preparation of book chapters, it has been tried to apply a variety of
optimization techniques including genetic algorithm, improved genetic algorithm,
mixed-integer linear programming, and simulated annealing. In addition, Chaps. 6
and 7, which take into account the geographical aspect of problem, apply the real
drivingroutesandtherealgeographyofarea(i.e.,latitudeandlongitudedata)ofSan
Francisco, CA, USA. Moreover, Chaps. 4 and 5, which include the geographical
aspectofproblem,considertherealgeographyofareas(i.e.,latitudeandlongitude
data) of Tehran, Iran (around Sharif University of Technology), and Marina City
VerticalParkingLot,Chicago,IL60654,USA,respectively.However,thedriving
routes have been designed by a computer considering the related minimum and
maximumtrafficspeedlimits.
In each chapter, a variety of sensitivity analyses study the effects of input
parameters on the output parameters. The input parameters include the social class
of drivers (low-income, moderate-income, and high-income), the PEV penetration
level (low, moderate, and high), the PEV type (Tesla Model S, Citroën C-Zero,
Volkswagen e-Up, and Renault Kangoo Z.E.), the feeder’s failure rate model, and
the voltage-dependent load model (a combination of residential, commercial, and
industrialloads).Inaddition,theoutputparametersincludethemaximumloadfactor
of system, the optimal generation scheduling and commitment of generation units,
theoptimalstatusoffeeders’switches(openandclose),theoptimalmodeofenergy
storagesystems(charging,discharging,andidle),themaximumprofitofparkinglot,
the optimal location and size of parking lots, the optimal value of incentive, the
minimum total cost of planning problem, the optimal value of energy loss and
reliability indices of system, the optimal voltage profile of buses, and the optimal
powerflowoffeeder’sbranches.
The students and scholars are welcome to send their comments to the author of
the book if they find any misprint or any other possible mistakes in the book
chapters.Theirnameandcontributionwillbementionedinthenextversionofbook.
Huntsville,AL,USA MehdiRahmani-Andebili
Contents
1 StudyingtheEffectsofPlug-InElectricVehicles
ontheRealPowerMarketsDemandConsidering
theTechnicalandSocialAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ModellingtheSocialandTechnicalAspectsofProblem. . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 SocialStratificationofDrivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 TechnicalAspect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 SimulationResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 BaseCase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 SensitivityAnalysiswithRespecttoValue
ofIncentive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 SensitivityAnalysiswithRespecttoSocial
ClassofDrivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 StudyingtheEffectsofOptimalFleetManagementofPlug-In
ElectricVehiclesontheUnitCommitmentProblem
ConsideringtheTechnicalandSocialAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 ModellingtheSocialandTechnicalAspectsofProblem. . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 SocialClassificationofDrivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 TechnicalAspect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 OptimizationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1 ObjectiveFunctionofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 CostTermsofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.3 ConstraintsofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
ix
x Contents
2.5 SimulationResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.1 BaseCase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.2 SensitivityAnalysisforOperationCost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.3 EffectsofUnrealisticModellingofDrivers’
SocialClass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3 SpinningReserveCapacityProvisionbytheOptimal
FleetManagementofPlug-InElectricVehiclesConsidering
theTechnicalandSocialAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 ModellingtheSocialandTechnicalAspectsofProblem. . . . . . . 51
3.2.1 SocialClassificationofDrivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.2 TechnicalAspect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 OptimizationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.1 ObjectiveFunctionofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2 CostTermsofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.3 ConstraintsofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 SimulationResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.1 BaseCase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.2 SensitivityAnalysisforTotalCostofProblem. . . . . . . . . 67
3.5.3 EffectsofUnrealisticModellingofDrivers’
SocialClass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4 RobustOperationofaReconfigurableElectricalDistribution
SystembyOptimalChargingManagementofPlug-In
ElectricVehiclesConsideringtheTechnical,Social,
andGeographicalAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 ProposedApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 ModellingtheGeographical,Social,andTechnical
AspectsofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 StochasticModelPredictiveControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 OptimizationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3.1 ObjectiveFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3.2 CostTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3.3 Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.4 ProblemSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4.1 CharacteristicsofSystemandProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4.2 SimulatingtheProbleminDifferentScenarios. . . . . . . . . 93
Contents xi
4.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5 OptimalOperationofaPlug-InElectricVehicleParkingLot
intheEnergyMarketConsideringtheTechnical,Social,
andGeographicalAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2 ModellingtheGeographical,Social,andTechnicalAspects
ofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.1 Drivers’BehavioralModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.2 DrivingRoutes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2.3 StateofChargeofPEVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.2.4 ArrivalandDepartureTimeofPEVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2.5 EquippingtheParkingLotwithRenewables. . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.1 ObjectiveFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.2 EqualityConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.3.3 InequalityConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3.4 LowerandUpperBoundsofVariables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.4 MixedIntegerLinearProgramingastheOptimization
Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5 ProblemSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.5.1 PrimaryDataofProblem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.5.2 StudyingtheProblemwithTeslaModelS. . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.5.3 StudyingtheOtherPEVTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6 OptimalPlacementandSizingofParkingLotsforthePlug-In
ElectricVehiclesConsideringtheTechnical,Social,
andGeographicalAspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.2 ModellingtheGeographicalandSocialAspectsofProblem. . . . . 153
6.2.1 ModellingDrivers’Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.2.2 DrivingRoutesinSanFrancisco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.3 ModellingVoltage-DependentLoad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.4 ModellingFeeder’sFailureRate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.5 ProblemFormulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.1 ObjectiveFunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.5.2 CostTerms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.5.3 ProblemConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.6 OptimizationTechnique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.7 ProblemSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.7.1 TechnicalSpecificationsofSystemandProblem. . . . . . . 172
6.7.2 StudyingthePrimaryConditionofSystem. . . . . . . . . . . 179