Table Of ContentPlanets, Stars and Stellar Systems
Solar and Stellar Planetary Systems
Terry D. Oswalt (Editor-in-Chief )
Linda M. French · Paul Kalas (Volume Editors)
Planets, Stars and
Stellar Systems
Volume 3:
Solar and Stellar Planetary Systems
With 238 Figures and 20 Tables
123
Editor-in-Chief
Terry D. Oswalt
Department of Physics & Space Sciences
Florida Institute of Technology
University Boulevard
Melbourne, FL, USA
Volume Editors
Linda M. French
Professor of Physics and
Physics Department Chair
Wesleyan University
IL, USA
Paul Kalas
Astronomy Department
University of California
Berkeley, CA, USA
ISBN 978-94-007-5605-2 ISBN 978-94-007-5606-9 (eBook)
ISBN 978-94-007-5607-6 (print and electronic bundle)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5606-9
This title is part of a set with
Set ISBN 978-90-481-8817-8
Set ISBN 978-90-481-8818-5 (eBook)
Set ISBN 978-90-481-8852-9 (print and electronic bundle)
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953926
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material
is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter
developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly
analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system,
for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only
under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission
for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the
Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does
not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions
that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Series Preface
It is my great pleasure to introduce “Planets, Stars, and Stellar Systems” (PSSS). As a “Springer
Reference”, PSSS is intended for graduate students to professionals in astronomy, astrophysics
and planetary science, but it will also be useful to scientists in other felds whose research inter-
ests overlap with astronomy. Our aim is to capture the spirit of 21st century astronomy – an
empirical physical science whose almost explosive progress is enabled by new instrumentation,
observational discoveries, guided by theory and simulation.
Each volume, edited by internationally recognized expert(s), introduces the reader to a
well-defned area within astronomy and can be used as a text or recommended reading for
an advanced undergraduate or postgraduate course. Volume 1, edited by Ian McLean, is an
essential primer on the tools of an astronomer, i.e., the telescopes, instrumentation and detec-
tors used to query the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Volume 2, edited by Howard Bond, is a
compendium of the techniques and analysis methods that enable the interpretation of data col-
lected with these tools. Volume 3, co-edited by Linda French and Paul Kalas, provides a crash
course in the rapidly converging felds of stellar, solar system and extrasolar planetary science.
Volume 4, edited byMartin Barstow, is one of the most complete references on stellar structure
and evolution available today. Volume 5, edited by Gerard Gilmore, bridges the gap between
our understanding of stellar systems and populations seen in great detail within the Galaxy
and those seen in distant galaxies. Volume 6, edited by Bill Keel, nicely captures our current
understanding of the origin and evolution of local galaxies to the large scale structure of the
universe.
Te chapters have been written by practicing professionals within the appropriate sub-
disciplines. Available in both traditional paper and electronic form, they include extensive
bibliographic and hyperlink references to the current literature thatwill help readers to acquire a
solid historical and technical foundation in that area. Each can also serve as a valuable reference
for a course or refresher for practicing professional astronomers.Tose familiar with the “Stars
and Stellar Systems” series from several decades ago will recognize some of the inspiration for
the approach we have taken.
Very many people have contributed to this project. I would like to thank Harry Blom and
Sonja Guerts (Sonja Japenga at the time) of Springer, who originally encouraged me to pur-
sue this project several years ago. Special thanks to our outstanding Springer editors Ramon
Khanna (Astronomy) and LydiaMueller (Major ReferenceWorks) and their hard-working edi-
torial team Jennifer Carlson, Elizabeth Ferrell, Jutta Jaeger-Hamers, Julia Koerting, and Tamara
Schineller.Teir continuous enthusiasm, friendly prodding and unwavering support made this
series possible. Needless to say (but I’m saying it anyway), it was not an easy task shepherding
a project this big through to completion!
Most of all, it has been a privilege to work with each of the volume Editors listed above and
over 100 contributing authors on this project. I’ve learned a lot of astronomy from them, and I
hope you will, too!
January 2013 Terry D. Oswalt
General Editor
Preface to Volume 3
Twenty years ago this volume could not have been written. For generations humans studied the
Solar System and theorized about its origin. Speculation about other planetary systems dates
back at least as far back as Democritus from antiquity, and Giordano Bruno and Galileo at the
dawn of modern scientifc inquiry. Te discovery of, and the surge of research on, exoplanets
in the last decade or so have shown that the Solar System in which we live is but one of thou-
sands, perhapsmillions, of planetary systems in theMilkyWay galaxy.Te study of Solar System
bodies, both large and small, has enabled researchers to develop models of how planetary
systems form and evolve. Discoveries and investigations of extrasolar planets, in turn, have
helped improve understanding of how our own Solar Systemmay have originated and evolved.
By combining solar system and extrasolar planet science into a single volume, the present
work advocates a perspective that the two disciplines are converging and can be viewed as a
single topic of study. Unfortunately, this merger makes the task of thoroughly covering the sub-
jectmatter in a single volume impossible. Here the readerwill fnd a diverse selection ofmaterial
related to the Solar System and extrasolar planetary systems. Te opening chapter by Youdin
and Kenyon describes current paradigms for the formation of planetary systems, developed
from observations of nascent circumstellar disks of gas and dust and more mature planetary
systems.Te chapter by Morbidelli then gives a model for the subsequent dynamical evolution
of the Solar System, aiming at answering the question, “Why is there such a great diversity in
the architectures of planetary systems?”
Of course, the Solar System continues to provide the most detailed data about planets.
Important groups of objects are discussed in subsequent chapters: terrestrial planets (Barlow),
Jovian planets (Chanover and Stevenson), asteroids and meteorites (Rivkin), and planetary
rings (Tiscareno). Planetary magnetospheres are addressed in the chapter by Bagenal. Te
volume concludes with chapters describing direct observations of the two primary components
of exoplanetary systems: the dusty debris belts or disks that dominate the cumulative surface
area (Moro-Martin), and the exoplanets that comprise the majority of the mass in the system
(Wright and Gaudi).
Carl Sagan wrote, “In all the history of mankind, there will be only one generation which
will be the frst to explore the solar system, one generation for which, in childhood, the plan-
ets are distant and indistinct discs moving through the night, and for which, in old age, the
planets are places, diverse new worlds in the course of exploration” (London lecture at Eugene,
Oregon, 1970). Less than a generation afer those words were written, humanity has begun
discovering planets beyond the solar system we live in and investigating the nature and
evolution of planetary systems.
We owe the authors of these chapters a great deal for their dedicated scholarship and their
willingness to put somuch efort into these contributions. Teir community spirit, cooperation,
and patience are much appreciated.
Editor-in-Chief
Dr. Terry D. Oswalt
Department Physics & Space Sciences
Florida Institute of Technology
150 W. University Boulevard
Melbourne, Florida 32901
USA
E-mail:
