Placenta and Trophoblast: Methods and Protocols Volume 1

471 Pages·2006·16.488 MB·English

by  Michael J. Soares, Joan S. Hunt (auth.), Michael J. Soares, Joan S. Hunt (eds.)

Placenta and Trophoblast
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
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M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R M E D I C I N E™
Placenta and
Trophoblast
Methods and Protocols
Volume 1
Edited by
Michael J. Soares
Institute of Maternal–Fetal Biology
Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
and
Joan S. Hunt
University Distinguished Professor, Vice Chancellor for Research
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Cover illustration: Background: Figure 5 from Chapter 11 (Volume 1), “Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells”
by J. Quinn et al. Foreground: Figure 4 from Chapter 26 (Volume 1), “Vascular Corrosion Casting of the
Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Vasculature in Mice” by K. J. Whiteley et al.
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eISBN 1-59259-983-4
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Placenta and trophoblast: methods and protocols / edited by Michael J. Soares and Joan S. Hunt.
p. ; cm. — (Methods in molecular medicine ; 121-122)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-404-8 (alk. paper) — ISBN 1-58829-608-3 (alk. paper)
1. Placenta. 2. Molecular biology.
[DNLM: 1. Placenta. 2. Molecular Biology. WQ 212 P6974 2005] I.
Soares, Michael J. II. Hunt, Joan S. III. Series.
QP281.P5435 2005
612.6’3—dc22 2005006428
Preface
The aim of the two-volume set of Placenta and Trophoblast: Methods
and Protocolsis to offer contemporary approaches for studying the biology of
the placenta. The chapters contained herein also address critical features of the
female organ within which the embryo is housed, the uterus, and some aspects
of the embryo–fetus itself, particularly those of common experimental animal
models. In keeping with the organization used effectively in other volumes in
this series, each chapter has a brief introduction followed by a list of required
items, protocols, and notes designed to help the reader perform the experi-
ments without difficulty. In both volumes, sources of supplies are given and
illustrations highlight particular techniques as well as expected outcomes. A
key aspect of these volumes is that the contributors are at the forefronts of their
disciplines, thus ensuring the accuracy and usefulness of the chapters.
Placenta research has progressed rapidly over the past several decades
by taking advantage of the technical advances made in other fields. For example,
the reader will note that many techniques, such as reverse transcriptase poly-
merase chain reaction, northern and western blotting, microarray analyses and in
situhybridization experiments, are routinely used for dissecting a wide range of
experimental questions. Protein analysis and functional experiments on tissues
and cells that comprise the maternal–fetal interface benefit from studies in endo-
crinology, immunology, and developmental biology. These volumes also
present new ideas on investigating gene imprinting and gene transfer via viral
vectors.
In developing these volumes we encountered the problem of how to
organize the contents so as to be reader-friendly. Our decision was to subdi-
vide in large part by the chronology of pregnancy so that in vivo aspects of
implantation come first, followed by in vitro systems of investigation, then
protocols for phenotypic analyses of placentas of several species. Special tech-
niques mentioned above conclude Volume I. Volume II continues with proto-
cols for studying trophoblast invasion, followed by dissection of how invading
trophoblast cells might be received by uterine immune cells. Returning to the pla-
centa itself, methods for researching trophoblast endocrine and transport functions
are followed by a final series of chapters on how placentas adapt to disease. In this
latter group, two chapters offer help to investigators interested in animal models of
human placental disorders and two address working with the oxygen switches
that program gene expression in early pregnancy, a concept entirely unexplored
v
vi Preface
less than a decade ago. The reader is referred to the Introductions in each of the
two volumes for a more detailed description of the contents.
This project would not have been possible without the contributions of
many individuals. We wish to express our gratitude to the contributing authors
for their time, effort, creativity, and their willingness to share their knowledge
and expertise. Our deep appreciation and gratefulness also goes to Stacy
McClure for her dedicated efforts in maintaining the organization of the manu-
scripts and the correspondence between the editors and the authors. During
this process the publisher has provided us with helpful guidance and instruc-
tion essential for the completion of this effort.
Finally, we hope that these volumes are useful and provide a valuable
resource for both trainees and established scientists striving to advance our
understanding of this unique, entirely essential organ of reproduction.
Michael J. Soares
Joan S. Hunt
Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................v
Contributors .....................................................................................................xi
Companion Table of Contents for Volume II ..................................................xv
Companion CD-ROM ....................................................................................xix
PART I.INTRODUCTION
1 Placenta and Trophoblast: Methods and Protocols: Overview I
Michael J. Soares and Joan S. Hunt......................................................3
PART II. METHODS FOR STUDYING EMBRYO IMPLANTATION
AND UTERINE BIOLOGY
2 Methodologies to Study Implantation in Mice
Kaushik Deb, Jeff Reese, and Bibhash C. Paria....................................9
3 Blastocyst Culture
D. Randall Armant..............................................................................35
4 Isolation of Hormone Responsive Uterine Stromal Cells: An In Vitro
Model for Stromal Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Virginia Rider......................................................................................57
5 Rat Decidual Cell Cultures
Yan Gu and Geula Gibori...................................................................69
6 The Immortalization of Human Endometrial Cells
Graciela Krikun, Gil Mor, and Charles Lockwood.............................79
7 Sheep Uterine Gland Knockout (UGKO) Model
Thomas E. Spencer and C. Allison Gray.............................................85
8 A Baboon Model for Inducing Endometriosis
Asgerally T. Fazleabas.........................................................................95
9 A Baboon Model for Simulating Pregnancy
Asgerally T. Fazleabas.......................................................................101
10 The Common Marmoset Monkey as a Model for Implantation
and Early Pregnancy Research
Almuth Einspanier, Kai Lieder, Ralf Einspanier,
and Bettina Husen........................................................................111
vii
viii Contents
PART III. IN VITRO TROPHOBLAST AND PLACENTAL MODEL SYSTEMS
11 Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells
Jennifer Quinn, Tilo Kunath, and Janet Rossant...............................125
12 Connexins and Trophoblast Cell Lineage Development
Mark Kibschull and Elke Winterhager..............................................149
13 Rcho-1 Trophoblast Stem Cells: A Model System for Studying
Trophoblast Cell Differentiation
Namita Sahgal, Lindsey N. Canham, Brent Canham,
and Michael J. Soares...................................................................159
14 Bovine Trophoblast Cell Culture Systems: A Technique to Culture
Bovine Trophoblast Cells Without Feeder Cells
Kazuyoshi Hashizume, Arata Shimada, Haruo Nakano,
and Toru Takahashi......................................................................179
15 In Vitro Induction of Trophoblast from Human Embryonic
Stem Cells
Ren-He Xu.........................................................................................189
16 Isolation and Culture of Term Human Trophoblast Cells
Margaret G. Petroff, Teresa A. Phillips, Hakhyun Ka,
Judith L. Pace, and Joan S. Hunt..................................................203
17 Production of Human Trophoblast Cell Lines
Guy St J. Whitley..............................................................................219
18 Culture and Transfection of Human Choriocarcinoma Cells
Michael W. Wolfe.............................................................................229
19 In Vitro Methods for Studying Vascularization of the Murine
Allantois and Allantoic Union with the Chorion
Karen M. Downs..............................................................................241
PART IV. PHENOTYPIC ANALYSIS OF THE PLACENTA
20 Phenotypic Analysis of the Mouse Placenta
David R. C. Natale, Maja Starovic, and James C. Cross...................275
21 Phenotypic Analysis of the Rat Placenta
Rupasri Ain, Toshihiro Konno, Lindsey N. Canham,
and Michael J. Soares...................................................................295
22 Analysis of the Structure of the Ruminant Placenta:
Methods of Fixation, Embedding, and Antibody Localization
at Light and Electron Microscope Levels
F. B. P. Wooding...............................................................................315
Contents ix
23 Characterization of the Bovine Placenta by Cytoskeleton,
Integrin Receptors, and Extracellular Matrix
Christiane D. Pfarrer.........................................................................323
24 Molecular Markers for Human Placental Investigation
Berthold Huppertz............................................................................337
25 Correlative Microscopy of Ultrathin Cryosections
in Placental Research
Toshihiro Takizawa and John M. Robinson......................................351
26 Vascular Corrosion Casting of the Uteroplacental
and Fetoplacental Vasculature in Mice
Kathie J. Whiteley, Christiane D. Pfarrer, and S. Lee Adamson.......371
27 Analysis of Fetal and Maternal Microvasculature in Ruminant
Placentomes by Corrosion Casting
Rudolf Leiser and Christiane D. Pfarrer...........................................393
PART V. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS AND GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
28 Microarray Analysis of Trophoblast Cells
Vikram Budhraja and Yoel Sadovsky................................................411
29 Gene Expression Microarray Data Analysis of Decidual
and Placental Cell Differentiation
Sue Kong, Bruce J. Aronow, and Stuart Handwerger.......................425
30 Assays to Determine Allelic Usage of Gene Expression
in the Placenta
Paul B. Vrana....................................................................................439
31 Adenoviral-Mediated Gene Delivery to Trophoblast Cells
Bing Jiang and Carole R. Mendelson................................................451
Index ............................................................................................................463
Contributors
S. LEE ADAMSON• Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
RUPASRI AIN • Institute of Maternal–Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer &
Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
D. RANDALL ARMANT • Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Anatomy
& Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
BRUCE J. ARONOW • Division of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental
Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
VIKRAM BUDHRAJA • Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cell Biology
& Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
BRENT CANHAM • Institute of Maternal–Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer &
Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
LINDSEY N. CANHAM • Institute of Maternal–Fetal Biology, Division of Cancer
& Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory
Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
JAMES C. CROSS • Genes & Development Research Group, Department of
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
KAUSHIK DEB • Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department
of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
KAREN M. DOWNS • Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-
Madison Medical School, Madison, WI
ALMUTH EINSPANIER • Institute of Physiological Chemistry,
Facility of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
and Department of Reproductive Biology, German Primate Centre,
Göttingen, Germany
RALF EINSPANIER • Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Free University
of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
ASGERALLY T. FAZLEABAS • Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Center
for Women’s Health & Reproduction, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
GEULA GIBORI • Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of
Illinois, Chicago, IL
C. ALLISON GRAY • Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotech-
nology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
xi