Table Of ContentPlace-making and Policies
for Competitive Cities
Place-making and Policies
for Competitive Cities
Edited by
Sako Musterd
Centre for Urban Studies
University of Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Zoltán Kovács
Institute of Geography
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Budapest
Hungary
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2013
© 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ,
United Kingdom
Editorial Offices
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom
2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how
to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in
accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as
trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service
marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not
associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their
best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect
to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any
implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither
the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional
advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should
be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Place-making and policies for competitive cities / edited by Sako Musterd, Department of
Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, Zoltán Kovács, Geographical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences and Department of Economic and Human Geography, University of Szeged, Hungary.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-67503-8 (hardback : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-55445-6 –
ISBN 978-1-118-55442-5 – ISBN 978-1-118-55458-6 – ISBN 978-1-118-55457-9 (ebook)
1. City planning. 2. Urban policy. 3. Community development, Urban. I. Musterd,
Sako editor of compilation. II. Kovács, Zoltán, 1960– editor of compilation.
HT166.P5225 2013
307.1′216–dc23
2012041232
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover image: © Pieter Musterd
Cover design by Meaden Creative
Set in 10/13pt Trump Mediaeval by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2013
Contents
Contributors xi
Foreword by Professor Allen J. Scott, University
of California – Los Angeles xv
Preface xvii
PART I INTRODUCTION 1
1 Policies and Place-making for Competitive Cities 3
Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács
Policy progress 3
Economic sectors 7
Questions and approaches 8
References 10
2 Prevailing Policies versus New Tailored Policies 11
Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács
Introduction 11
Infrastructure, communication, tax and cluster policies 14
Creative class debates and policy hypes related to
technology, tolerance and talent (3Ts) 16
New tailored policies linked to pathways, place
and personal networks (3Ps) 18
Three parts 19
References 22
PART II PATHWAYS 25
3 Policies Built upon Pathways 27
Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács
Pathways and urban development 27
Capitalising on layers of development 30
Power centres with sustained positions 31
Post-socialist policies and the struggle with the past 32
References 33
4 Policies towards Multi-Layered Cities and Cluster Development 35
Tamás Egedy, Anne von Streit and Marco Bontje
Introduction 35
Multi-layered cities 37
Path dependence of cluster development and the role of policies 39
Multi-layered cities in Western Europe and in Eastern
and Central Europe 43
Conclusions 54
References 55
vi Contents
5 Capitalising on Position: Policies for Competitive Capital
and non-Capital Cities 59
Julie Brown, Declan Redmond and Marc Pradel i Miquel
Introduction 60
The function of capital versus non-capital cities 61
Selected capital and non-capital cities in the ACRE study 63
Capital cities: development pathways and policies 64
Development pathways of non-capital cities 67
Policies for competitive non-capital cities 69
Conclusions 72
References 74
6 Addressing the Legacy of Post-Socialist Cities in
East Central Europe 77
Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz, Olga Gritsai, Evgenii Dainov
and Tamás Egedy
Introduction 78
Key features of post-socialist cities affecting urban policies 79
The role and structure of the creative and
knowledge-intensive sectors 81
Challenges and policy responses 84
Policy recommendations 90
Concluding remarks 92
References 93
PART III PLACE 95
7 The Importance of Places and Place Branding 97
Zoltán Kovács and Sako Musterd
Introduction 97
Sense of place and placelessness 98
Place-making, place marketing and place branding 100
Shifting focus of place-making in competitive cities 101
References 103
8 Policies towards Place Attraction and Policies
for Place Retention 105
ę ń
Philip Lawton, Michał M czy ski and Austin Barber
Introduction: place-making and the creative
knowledge economy 106
The evolution of ‘place-making’ 107
Developing policies oriented towards the retention of
creative and knowledge workers 114
Policy reorientation: a focus on place retention 115
Conclusion: place-making policy formation 122
References 123
Contents vii
9 Urban Regeneration and Housing as Potential Tools
for Enhancing the Creative Economy 127
Tamás Egedy, Declan Redmond and Kornelia Ehrlich
Introduction 128
Links between urban regeneration and the creative economy 129
Housing for everyone and housing for creative people 132
How can regeneration and housing support
the creative economy? 135
Conclusions 144
References 145
10 Successes and Failures in City Branding Policies 149
Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway, Caroline Chapain
and Silvia Mugnano
Introduction 149
Theories on place branding: the role played by cultural
and creative industries 152
Some empirical evidence 154
Conclusions: evaluating city branding processes 166
Acknowledgements 169
References 169
11 Policies for Small and Large Cities 173
Marc Pradel i Miquel, Anders Paalzow
and Hélène Martin-Brelot
Introduction 173
City size and the creative knowledge economy 174
Does size influence the decisions of skilled
employees in the creative and knowledge economy? 178
City size, governance and policy-making 183
Conclusion: different dimensions, different challenges 186
References 189
12 Creative Knowledge Strategies for Polycentric City-Regions 191
Marco Bontje and Kaisa Kepsu
Introduction 191
The city-region concept 193
From mono- to polycentric city-regions 195
Geographies of creative knowledge companies 197
Geographies of creative knowledge workers 200
Towards competitive creative knowledge regions?
Examples of city-regional collaboration 202
Conclusions and policy implications: the
added value of city-regional collaboration 205
References 206
viii Contents
PART IV PERSONAL NETWORKS 209
13 Personal Networks 211
Zoltán Kovács and Sako Musterd
The personal touch 211
From networks of firms to networks of people: the role of
personal networks in the creative knowledge economy 212
Possible policy interventions focusing on personal networks 215
References 218
14 Networks and Mobility: the Policy Context 219
Olga Gritsai, Michel Grossetti and Denis Eckert
Introduction 219
The importance of personal trajectories
and personal networks 222
Cultural and institutional constraints on mobility 227
Challenges for policy-makers 229
Conclusions 235
References 236
15 Internationalisation and Policies towards
Transnational Migration 239
Heike Pethe and Sabine Hafner
Transnational migration of the highly skilled 239
Transnational migration of highly skilled professionals 241
Identifying and monitoring target groups for effective policies 243
Developing effective measures for highly skilled
migrants – good practices 255
Conclusions 258
References 259
16 Policies Aimed at Strengthening Ties between
Universities and Cities 263
Krzysztof Stachowiak, Rómulo Pinheiro, Carla Sedini
and Mari Vaattovaara
Introduction 263
The changing nature of university–city relations 265
From university in, to the university of or for, the city:
tensions and dilemmas in university–city relations 266
The university as an enabler of the creative economy 274
Case studies 277
Challenges and bottlenecks surrounding
university–city relations 282
Conclusions 284
Acknowledgements 286
References 286
Contents ix
17 Governance of Creative Industries: the Role of
Social and Professional Networks 293
Anne von Streit and Bastian Lange
Introduction 293
The creative industries: definitions and characteristics 295
Important strands of policies 297
Governance of the creative industries 299
Networks in the creative industries: theoretical approaches
and empirical findings 302
Examples of promoting networks in the creative industries 304
Conclusions and suggestions 308
References 309
PART V CONCLUSIONS 313
18 Tailored – Context-Sensitive – Urban Policies for
Creative Knowledge Cities 315
Sako Musterd and Zoltán Kovács
Three building blocks for new urban economic policies 315
New urban policies put in context: ‘PPP-CC-T’ 318
Building on the past? 319
Tailored policies to create smart places 321
Policies building on personal networks 323
Conclusions 325
References 326
Index 329
Contributors
Austin Barber ([email protected]) is a Lecturer in Urban
Development and Planning at the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies
(CURS), University of Birmingham, UK.
Marco Bontje ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor in the Department
of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies of the
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Julie Brown ([email protected]) is a Research Fellow at the School of
Performance and Cultural Industries, University of Leeds, UK.
Caroline Chapain ([email protected]) is a Lecturer in the
Department of Management, Birmingham Business School, University of
Birmingham, UK.
Evgenii Dainov ([email protected]) is Professor of Politics in the
Centre for Social Practices at the New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Denis Eckert ([email protected]) is Senior Researcher at the French
National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and head of the
Interdisciplinary Center for Urban Studies (LISST-Cieu), University of
Toulouse, France.
Tamás Egedy ([email protected]) is Senior Research Fellow at the
Institute of Geography, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, and
Lecturer at the Budapest Business School, Budapest, Hungary.
Kornelia Ehrlich ([email protected]) is a Researcher at the Leibniz-
Institute for Regional Geography in Leipzig, Germany.
Olga Gritsai ([email protected]) is a Senior Research Fellow at the
Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies
of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Michel Grossetti ([email protected]) is a Sociologist, Senior Researcher
at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), and member
of the Laboratory “Solidarity, Society, Territories” (LISST) at the University
of Toulouse, France.
Sabine Hafner ([email protected]) is Lecturer and Researcher
at the Department of Geography at the University of Bayreuth, Germany.
Kaisa Kepsu ([email protected]) works as a Researcher at the
Department of Geosciences and Geography at the University of Helsinki,
Finland.
xii Contributors
Zoltán Kovács ([email protected]) is Scientific Advisor at the Institute of
Geography, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, and Professor in
Human Geography at the University of Szeged, Hungary.
Bastian Lange ([email protected]) is Professor of Cultural
Geography, at the Georg-Simmel-Centre for Metropolitan Research,
Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
Philip Lawton ([email protected]) is a Post-
doctoral Researcher at the Centre for Urban and Euregional Studies,
Department of Technology and Society Studies, Maastricht University,
The Netherlands.
Hélène Martin-Brelot ([email protected]) is a Research
Fellow at the Institute of Geoarchitecture, University of Western Brittany,
Brest, France.
Michał Męczyński ([email protected]) is a Lecturer and Researcher in
the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management at the
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poland.
Silvia Mugnano ([email protected]) is Lecturer in Urban Sociology
at the Department of Sociology and Social Research at the University of
Milan Bicocca, Italy.
Sako Musterd ([email protected]) is Professor of Urban Geography at the
University of Amsterdam, and connected to the Centre for Urban Studies of
the same university. He coordinated the ACRE research programme, which
formed the basis for this volume.
Anders Paalzow ([email protected]) is the Rector of the Stockholm
School of Economics in Riga, Latvia.
Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway ([email protected]) is Associate Professor at
the Faculty of Economics and Business of the University of Barcelona, Spain.
Heike Pethe ([email protected]) was a Post-doctoral Researcher in the
Department of Geography, Planning and International Development Studies
of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rómulo Pinheiro ([email protected]) is a Senior
Researcher at Agderforskning, and Assistant Professor at the Department of
Educational Research (PFI-HEIK) at the Faculty of Education, University
of Oslo, Norway.
Marc Pradel i Miquel ([email protected]) is Assistant Professor at
GRC Creativity, Innovation and Urban Transformation, Economic
Theory Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of
Barcelona, Spain.
