Pipelines and Risers

526 Pages·2001·11.384 MB·English

by  Yong Bai, R. Bhattacharyya and M.E. McCormick (Eds.)

ELSEVIER OCEAN
ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES
VOLUME 3
PIPELINES
AND RISERS
>
EXISTING
PIPEUNE TO SHORE
/
EXPORT PIPELINE
Yong Bai
SERIES EDITORS
R. BHATTACHARYYA & M.E. McCORMICK

ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES
VOLUME 3
PIPELINES AND RISERS
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ELSEVIER OCEAN ENGINEERING BOOK SERIES
VOLUME 3
PIPELINES AND RISERS
YONG BAI
Stavanger University College, N-409 1 Stavanger, Norway
and
American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, TX 77060, USA
OCEAN ENGINEERING SERIES EDITORS
R. Bhattacharyya
US Naval Academy,
Annapolis, MD, USA
M.E. McCormick
The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD, USA
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0 2001 Yong Bai
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V
SERIES PREFACE
In this day and age, humankind has come to the realization that the
Earth's resources are limited. In the 19'h and 20thC enturies, these resources
have been exploited to such an extent that their availability to future
generations is now in question. In an attempt to reverse this march towards
self-destruction, we have turned out attention to the oceans, realizing that
these bodies of water are both sources for potable water, food and minerals
and are relied upon for World commerce. In order to help engineers more
knowledgeably and constructively exploit the oceans, the Elsevier Ocean
Engineering Book Series has been created.
The Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series gives experts in
various areas of ocean technology the opportunity to relate to others their
knowledge and expertise. In a continual process, we are assembling world-
class technologists who have both the desire and the ability to write books.
These individuals select the subjects for their books based on their educational
backgrounds and professional experiences.
The series differs from other ocean engineering book series in that the
books are directed more towards technology than science, with a few
exceptions. Those exceptions we judge to have immediate applications to
many of the ocean technology fields. Our goal is to cover the broad areas of
naval architecture, coastal engineering, ocean engineering acoustics, marine
systems engineering, applied oceanography, ocean energy conversion, design
of offshore structures, reliability of ocean structures and systems and many
others. The books are written so that readers entering the topic fields can
acquire a working level of expertise from their readings.
We hope that the books in the series are well-received by the ocean
engineering community.
Ramesw ar Bhattacharyya
Michael E. McCorrnick
Series Editors

vii
FOREWORD
This new book provides the reader with a scope and depth of detail related to the design of
offshore pipelines and risers, probably not seen before in a textbook format. With the benefit
of nearly 20 years of experience, Professor Yong Bai has been able to assimilate the essence
of the applied mechanics aspects of offshore pipeline system design in a form of value to
students and designers alike. The text is well supported by a considerable body of reference
material to which Professor Yong Bai himself has made a substantial contribution over his
career. I have been in the field of pipeline engineering for the best part of 25 years and in
that time have seen the processes involved becoming better and better understood. This book
further adds to that understanding.
Marine pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas have become a safe and reliable part of
the expanding infrastructure put in place for the development of the valuable resources below
the world's seas and oceans. The design of these pipelines is a relatively young technology
and involves a relatively small body of specialist engineers and researchers worldwide. In
the early 1980's when Professor Yong Bai began his career in pipelines, the technology was
very different than it is today, being adapted from other branches of hydrodynamics,
mechanical and marine engineering using code definitions and safety factors proven in other
applications but not specific to the complex hydrodynamic-structure-seabed interactions seen
in the behaviour of what is outwardly a simple tubular lying on or slightly below the seabed.
Those designs worked then and many of the systems installed, including major oil and gas
trunklines installed in the hostile waters of the North Sea, remain in safe service today. What
has happened in the intervening period is that pipeline design processes have matured and
have been adapted and evolved to be fit for purpose for today's more cost effective pipelines;
and will continue to evolve for future application in the inevitable move into deeper waters
and more hostile environments.
An aspect of the marine pipeline industry, rarely understood by those engineers working in
land based design and construction, is the more critical need for a 'right first time' approach in
light of the expense and complexity of the materials and the installation facilities involved,
and the inability to simply 'go back and fix it' after the fact when your pipeline is sitting in
water depths well beyond diver depth and only accessible by robotic systems. Money spent
on good engineering up front is money well spent indeed and again a specific fit for purpose
modem approach is central to the best in class engineering practice requisite for this right
first time philosophy. Professor Yong Bai has made important contributions to this coming
of age of our industry and the benefit of his work and knowledge is available to those who
read and use this book.
It is well recognised that the natural gas resources in the world's ocean are gaining increasing
importance as an energy source to help fuel world economic growth in the established and
emerging economies alike. Pipelines carry a special role in the development and production
of gas reserves since, at this point in time, they provide one of the most reliable means for
transportation given that fewer options are available than for the movement of hydrocarbon
liquids. Add to this the growing need to provide major transportation infrastructure between
gas producing regions and countries wishing to import gas, and future oil transmission
systems, then the requirement for new offshore pipelines appears to be set for several years to
come. Even today, plans for pipeline transportation infrastructure are in development for
regions with more hostile environments and deeper waters than would have been thought