Piling, European practice and worldwide trends : proceedings of a conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, and held in London on 7-9 April 1992

356 Pages·1992·10.13 MB·English

by  M.J. Sands

Piling
European practice and worldwide trends
Proceedings of a conference organized by the
Institution of Civil Engineers, and held in London on
7-9 April 1992
*]_! Thomas Telford
Conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Organizing committee: M. J. Sands, Chairman (Hercules Piling Ltd), J. E. Alderson (formerly
Cementation Piling and Foundations), R. Chartres (UK Department of Transport), A. Fawcett (Keller
Foundations), T. H. Hanna (Sheffield University), D. Johns (Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners), N. Mure
(Hercules Piling Ltd)
©The Institution of Civil Engineers, 1992, unless otherwise stated.
All rights, including translation, reserved. Except for fair copying, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the Publications Manager, Publications Division, Thomas Telford Services Ltd, Thomas
Telford House, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.
Papers or other contributions and the statements made or the opinions expressed therein are published on the
understanding that the author of the contribution is solely responsible for the opinions expressed in it and that its publication
does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the ICE Council or ICE
Committees.
Published on behalf of the Institution of Civil Engineers by Thomas Telford Services Ltd, Thomas Telford House, 1 Heron Quay.
London E14 4JD.
ISBN 978-0-7277-3564-5
Contents
Keynote session - Piling in Europe
1. Luxembourg, Belgium and Holland. P. G.M. Silence 1
2. UK and Eire. P. Thornton 6
3. Italy and Greece. G. Trevisani 17
4. Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. G. Holm 25
5. Spain and Portugal. C. Delgado 32
6. France. M. Gandais 38
7. Germany, Austria and Switzerland. P. Arz 44
Pile design I
8. Side resistance of piles in weak rock. I. W. Johnston and C. M. Haberfield 52
9. Field experiments with instrumented piles in sand and clay. R. J. Jardine, A. J. Bond
and B. M. Lehane 59
10. Cyclic torsional pile behaviour established from centrifuge model tests.
M. M. Bizaliele and H .L Jessberger 67
11. Analysis of residual stresses in driven piles using a non-linear simplified BEM.
H. Hirayama 72
Discussion 78
Pile design II
12. Review of prediction of pile performance in London Clay under the action of
service loads. K. W. Cole and D. C. Patel 80
13. Site investigation for bored piling in London Clay. S. R. Lefroy-Brooks and P. Hooley 88
14. Effect of time and maintained load on the ultimate capacity of piles in stiff clay.
I. F. Wardle. G. Price and T. J. Freeman 92
15. Interpretation of results of pile tests in London Clay. D. c. Patel 100
16. Deep basement construction at College Road, Harrow.c. A. Raison 111
Discussion 120
The complete industry at your fingertips...
• over 25,000 classified listings
• more than 4,000 company addresses
» 1,700 products and trade names identified
• and 5,600 named individuals and their
job titles
ONLY £55.00 UK
£62.00 overseas by air
Paperbound ~~ 2 volumes
c.TQQpp 297x210mm
ISBN: 0 72771844 4
New in
2 voiismes
for 1992
Thomas Telford
unrivalled expertise in information for the construction industry
Available from: Sales Department, Thomas Telford Services Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London £14 4JD, Tel: [phone] {9,30am-5.00pm).
Fax: [phone]. Telex: 298105 Clvils G,
The Thomas Telford Bookshop at the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1-7 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AA.
Enquiries or further information ring Jacqueline Nobes on 071-987 8999 exi.412,
Pile design ill
17. Recent advances in pinpiling practice. D. A. Bruce 123
18. High loading of long slender minipiles. A. D. Barley and M. A. Woodward 131
20. Laterally loaded pile groups in sands. D. Levacher 137
21. Investigation of methods of prediction and measurement of the behaviour
of three types of driven pile at Isle of Grain, UK N. A. Akbari andR. A. Mure 142
Discussion I54
Planning and control
22. Construction of underreamed piles in London Clay in potentially unstable
ground. E. J. Liggitr 156
23. Ground movement from piling vibrations. R. G. Lukas and S. A. Gill 163
24. The Atlas screw pile - construction, design and performance. J. R. Hollingsworth
and R. M. Imbo-Burg 170
25. Quality assurance in piling. A. L Reddaway 177
Discussion 182
Testing methods
26. Maintained loading procedures and methods of interpreting results from
compression tests on piles. L T. Absoion 184
27. Static load testing, CAPWAPC analysis and factors of safety for precast
concrete driven piles. D. E. Sherwood, D. J. Corke, B. Gravare and P. Thurlow 191
28. SIMBAT - a dynamic load test for bored piles. R. T. Stain 198
29. Pile integrity testing - the CEBTP reflectogram. J. Paquet 206
30. Dynamic testing of large diameter bored underreamed piles in London Clay.
C. Humpheson, J. N. Mure, S. J. Pryor and J. W. Seaman 217
Discussion 227
Eurocode 7: a European geotechnical design code 233
Innovations
32. Field trials of a novel piling system - the wedge pile. J. B. Buriand, D. j. French
and J. P. Love 241
33. Precast segmental piling using triangular piles. C. N. Harnan and B. Gravare 249
34. Partial displacement pile system for urban sites. P. J. Lynch 254
35. Monitoring bored cast-in-place piles installation beneath an historic castle.
C. J. Ford and R. Chartres 262
Discussion 269
C E M E N T A T I ON
EXPERIENCE PERFORMANCE
INNOVATION STRENGTH
More experience of more piling and ground piling, geotechnical process or specialist retaining wall
engineering applications, in more parts of the country, requirement. You'll also find a full range of design and
makes Cementation the UK's largest piling and research facilities.
foundation specialist. More than ever you will feei that confident
Call on Cementation through any one of nine construction begins with Cementation and its resources
strategically placed offices nationwide and experience as a member of the Construction Division of Trafalgar
our commitment to quality and service for any size of House.
CEMENTATION
PILING & FOUNDATIONS
MAPLE CROSS HOUSE • MAPLE CROSS
RICKMAN SWORTH • HERTS W D3 2 S W
T E L E P H O NE 0 9 23 776666
FAX [phone] • TELEX 922192
AREA OFFICES: BELFAST 0232 242746 BIRMINGHAM 021 455 9933 BRISTOL 0272 637941 CROYDON 081 689 2266
DONCASTER 0302 820028 DUBLIN 0001 761151 GLASGOW 041 881 8127 LANCASHIRE 0942 260688
Piling in difficult ground and locations I
36. Driven precast concrete piles in the Dublin black boulder clay. J. w. Armishaw
and N. G. Bunni 272
38. Piling in and around scour hollows in London and the probable effects of rising
ground water. D. w. Cox 280
39. Piling Europort, Gibraltar, the Danish Way. N. Foged, N. Bonding F. Haahr,
H. Pedersen and M. Lorentzen 289
40. Behaviour of base-grouted bored piles in Bangkok subsoils, w. Teparaksa 296
Discussion 302
Piling in difficult ground and locations II
41. Two hundred and twenty driven cast-in-place piles. G. Sanglerat
and T. R. Sanglerat 308
42. Testing of slip-coated piles at Songkhla Port, Thailand, w. Mitchell and N. J. Burt 314
43. Driven precast concrete piles in chalk and the use of bitumen slipcoating to
reduce negative skin friction in chalk fill. H. E. Chenill.C L Gammage
and J. M. Mitchell 322
Discussion 330
Piling in difficult ground and locations III
44. Results of pile load tests in mine tailings. J. G. de Gijt, T. Harkema
and H. E. Brassinga 331
45. Foundation design and construction in coal measures. D. E. Sherwood,
W. G. Mitchell and D. J. Corke 336
46. Multi-head hammer drill makes advances in rock socket drilling function
for large diameter bored piling. J. Nakayama 342
Discussion 349
1. KEYNOTE PAPER: Luxembourg, Belgium and Holland
P. G. M. Silence, Delft Geoconsult BVBA, Belgium
In this survey a short description is given of the geology and its incidence on the piling tradit-
ion. It is also shown how legislation indirectly can influence R&D activities. The Benelux piling
companies expect the European Common market to offer new opportunities. Budget restrictions by
Governments put severe limits both to the market and to research efforts.
CEuLGGICAL AND SOIL CONDITIONS
1. From the Tertiary, the geology of the 3. The South of the epirogenetic axis, this
Benelux is characterized by an approximately is mainly Luxemburg and the South-East of
South-East North-West oriented epirogenetic Belgium, is characterised by rising of the
axis, which cuts Belgium approximately in two Mesozoic and Paleozoice layers and subsequent
halves. It corresponds fairly well to the so erosion. The bedrock is found at rather shallow
called linguistic barrier in this country. depths and is mostly only covered by colluvium
2. In the North of it, subsidence occurs, layers consisting of weathered rock. A small
leading to important sedimentation. The bedrock part of the Benelux, the South of Luxemburg,
is covered by alternating clay, sand and gravel belongs to the so-called Paris basin and is
sediments, showing thicknesses reaching mainly characterized by Paleozoic and Mesozoic
hundreds of meters. The Fig. 1. shows very well formations.
the amplitude of the tilting phenomen. 4. Summarizing, one can say that, at the
Due to its geographical situation, this region most locations in the Benelux where piling can
of the Benelux was drastically influenced by be envisaged, the geological pattern is the
the frequent shifts from very cold ice periods issue of a complicated combination of several
to warm-temperate interglacial conditions in extremely different environments.
the Tertiary and Quaternary.
In the warmer periods, the ice cap melted, Marine, coastal, tidal flat, perimarine, river,
raising the sea level and causing important lake, glacial and periglacial environments
transgressions over mainly the Netherlands and succeeded each other, showing sometimes
the North of Belgium. Vegetation rooted in the variable cycles.
upper soil layers and prevented them from 5. As a result of the geological history, in
erosion. the North one can find complicated soil layer
In the colder periods (possibly over twenty as patterns, as shown in Fig. 4.
shown in Fig. 2), the coastal line was It is not surprising that the Netherlands and
sometimes situated as far as the North of the North of Belgium have to face serious
England (Fig. 3). Land ice created ground foundation problems. Piling is an old
moraines and led to the formation of particular tradition. Timber piles are reported on since
clay layers. The dry and cold climate only the end of the fourteenth century.
allowed poor vegetation, enhancing erosion 6. In the South, foundation problems are
action. The Rivers Meuse and Rhine were several mainly limited to the river valleys. As humans
times deviated to the North. Their sediments, always searched for the proximity of water when
consisting mainly of sand, clay and gravel, building their settlements, foundation problems
left as whitnesses, cover different and distant already were to be resolved in early ages.
parts of Holland. In other periods, the rivers Piles can very often be founded on the bedrock.
of Eastern Europ and the Baltic area
transported more coarse material like gravel to
the East and North of the Netherlands.
Important peat formation occurred in the lakes
MIX OF PILING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATION
created at the location of deep glacial tongue
FIELDS.
basins and behind coastal dunes and ridges.
1. One can state without exageration that,
The human influence, consisting of raising of
due to the extreme variety of subsoil
the sea dykes and creation of Polders started
conditions, the Benelux probably shows a larger
already in the 12th century .Besides this,
variety of piling techniques than any country
removing of trees, digging of peat and the
of comparable size.
drainage of wet lowlands also sometimes had a
local effect on the geological evolution.
Piling: European practice and worldwide trends. Thomas Telford, London, 1992
PILING: EUROPEAN PRACTICE AND WORLDWIDE TRENDS
COUPE N.S. PAR LE SONDAGE DE KALLO A TRAVERS LERECOUVREMENT
DU FLANC NORD DU MASSIF DU BRABANT SERVICE 6E0ljQUE DE BELGIQUE - M.G. m8
Fig. 1. Geological section between Brussels and Antwerp according to the Belgian Geological
Survey Department (see ref.)
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
2. Benelux engineers and contractors succeed-
Technique
in tayloring a foundation solution to
1. Severe competition between piling
practically any imaginable combination of soil
techniques continuously incited contractors to
characteristics, groundwater level and quality
improve the performance of their rigs and the
and environmental requirements.
quality of their products. Nowadays emphasis is
3. The table 1. presents a summary of
mainly put on efforts to increase production
currently applied techniques.
rates, to reduce labour and to limit the impact
4. As Public Works Departments have slowed
on the environment.
down their investment programs considerably,
2. The development of improved screwed and
the main activity in piling works is observed
augered displacement piles and of high
in industrial projects. Housing and
frequency hydraulic hammers are two of the most
administrative buildings constitute the middle
important R&D items at present.
part of the market. The total Benelux piling
3. Jet grouting entered the market
market value can be estimated at approximately
successfully. Improvement of the technique and
250 million ECU.
extension to new applications are continuously
5. Driven cast in situ piles have lost a
examined by its promotors.
part of the market in favour of bored and
augered piles.This is partly due to new
regulations on noise and vibration limitations
4. Although this matter rather belongs to
in urban areas. Remarkable equipment efficiency
the geotechnical chapter, it is worthwile to
improvement of the bored piles was the other
mention.the efforts to improve design methods.
part of the success.
5. Universities and geotechnical institutes
Precast concrete piles also took over a part of
are succesfully developing new computer
the market. Improvement of automated
software to better describe the 3D pile
manufacturing resulted in competitive prices
behaviour. Mostly finite element analysis is
and serious efforts were invested to limit
used.
vibrations during installation.
6. Other efforts focus on better
At present one can estimate that bored or
implementation of more recent soil
augered, driven cast in situ and precast piles
investigation techniques such as the Marchetti
share a nearly equal part of the Benelux
dilatometer and the different types of
market.
pressiometers.
SILENCE
7. Pile structure interaction, dynamic
response and pile qroup behaviour are other
mean temperature in July(°C) research topics which go on keeping the
paleo- marine attention of researchers.
magnetism influence
106;ears 0 20
T0 Monitoring and Testing
'LEI5T0CENE 8. Efforts to improve pile driving analysis
Saalian
ZIHolsteiniar are in progress.
9. Dynamic bearing capacity testing still is
MIDDLE
PLEISTOCENE considered to be no valuable alternative for
static testing but still is the subject of
research projects.
10. Integrity testing seems to have reached
' maturity.
THE RELATION BETWEEN OWNER, DESIGNERS AND
CONTRACTORS.
1. The Benelux shows two completely
different legislation systems.
This has a considerable incidence on the
liability rules.
Tiglian
The relations between the owner, the architect,
the consulting engineer, the main contractor
Praetighan and the piling specialist are determined by
these rules.
LATE 2. In the Netherlands, the system rather
PLIOCENE
reflects the so called "Anglo-Saxon"
legislation. As a kind of silent rule, the
Judge will mostly limit the claims against
Fig. 2. Climatic Stratigraphy during the designers or pile contractors to somewhat the
Quaternary according to W.H. Zagwijn of the double of their contract value.
Geological Survey of the Netherlands (see ref.
Fig. 3. Evolution of the coastline of the Benelux during the Quaternary after W.H. Zagwijn
(lines 1 to 4)