Piezoelectric Shells: Sensing, Energy Harvesting, and Distributed Control—Second Edition

469 Pages·2019·14.71 MB·English

by  Hornsen (HS) Tzou

Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
Hornsen (HS) Tzou
Piezoelectric
Shells
Sensing, Energy Harvesting, and
Distributed Control—Second Edition
Solid Mechanics and Its Applications
Volume 247
Series editors
J. R. Barber, Ann Arbor, USA
Anders Klarbring, Linköping, Sweden
Founding editor
G. M. L. Gladwell, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Aims and Scope of the Series
Thefundamentalquestionsarisinginmechanicsare:Why?,How?,andHowmuch?
The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative
researchersgivingvisionandinsightinansweringthesequestionsonthesubjectof
mechanics as it relates to solids.
The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it
includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational
mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations
of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity,
plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and
membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics;
fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design.
Themedianlevelofpresentationistothefirstyeargraduatestudent.Sometexts
aremonographs defining thecurrentstateofthe field; othersareaccessibletofinal
year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6557
Hornsen (HS) Tzou
Piezoelectric Shells
Sensing, Energy Harvesting, and Distributed
—
Control Second Edition
123
Hornsen (HS) Tzou
State Key Laboratoryof Mechanics
andControl ofMechanical Structures;
Interdisciplinary Research Institute,
Collegeof Aerospace Engineering
NanjingUniversity ofAeronautics
andAstronautics
Nanjing, China
ISSN 0925-0042 ISSN 2214-7764 (electronic)
Solid MechanicsandIts Applications
ISBN978-94-024-1256-7 ISBN978-94-024-1258-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1258-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018935210
1stedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht1993
2ndedition:©SpringerNatureB.V.2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureB.V.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:VanGodewijckstraat30,3311GXDordrecht,TheNetherlands

Preface (2nd Edition)
It has been over three decades since the beginning of vigorous R&D activities of
smart structures and structronic systems in the mid-1980s. The area started from a
coupleofpapersayeartomanytechnicalsessionsandsymposiaayear,totoday’s
more than fifteen major technical conferences, symposia, and workshops a year.
The discipline of smart structures and structronic systems was also recognized as
one of the key technologies in mechanical engineering in the twenty-first century.
Among the smart materials, e.g., piezoelectric, flexoelectric, shape-memory,
electro-/magneto-/photo-strictivematerials,electro-andmagneto-rheologicalfluids,
polyelectrolytes,pyroelectricmaterials,superconductingmaterials,magneto-optical
materials,opticalfibers,etc.,piezoelectricmaterialsareveryversatileinbothsensor
andactuatorapplications.Accordingly,itbecomesthemostutilizedsmartmaterial
in many sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and precision devices, ranging from
micro-/nano-electromechanical systems, nano-energy generators, thin-film
sensors/actuators, accelerometers, force/pressure transducers, ultrasonic motors,
precision machines, medical devices, automobile components, etc., to helicopters,
airplanes, and large-scale space structures and systems. There have been a few
books on piezoelectricity published in the past; however, a unified presentation of
piezoelectric shells and distributed sensing, energy harvesting and control appli-
cations is still lacking. This book is intended to fill the gap and to provide
researchersandpracticingengineerswithanintroductiontoadvancedpiezoelectric
shell theories, energy harvesting and distributed sensor/actuator technologies in
structural identification, energy generation and control.
This book represents a collection of the author’s three-decade research and
development on piezoelectric shells and related applications to distributed mea-
surement, energy harvesting and control of continua; it reflects six Best Paper
Awards and NASA Technical Disclosures, including two ASME and one AIAA
Best Paper Awards and three NASA Technical Disclosures over the years. To
provide an “umbrella” theory to most common piezoelectric continua, a generic
double-curvature piezoelectric deep shell defined in a tri-orthogonal curvilinear
coordinatesystemisusedasthefundamentalcontinuumtoderivethepiezoelectric/
elasticity and distributed sensing/control/energy generation theories. There are a
vii
viii Preface(2ndEdition)
number of shell continua and related theories discussed in the book: (1) three
piezoelectric shell continua, (2) one elastic shell continuum laminated with dis-
tributed shell layers, (3) one multi-layered shell actuator, (4) one thin piezoelectric
shell structure, and (5) one generic shell energy generator. All of these shells are
based onthe generic double-curvature deepshell continuum. The majoradvantage
ofthegenericshelltheoriesistheirgenerality.Alltheoriesdevelopedbasedonthe
generic shell continuum can be easily simplified to account for a large number of
shellandnon-shellcontinuaandstructures(piezoelectricorelastic),suchasshellsof
revolution, parabolic shells, toroidal shells, spherical shells, cylindrical shells,
conicalshells,plates(circular,elliptical,orrectangular),arches,rings,beams,rods,
with a variety of mechanical or electric boundary conditions. Therefore, the
important aspects of the book are to introduce (1) the generic approach of piezo-
electric shells, (2) the fundamental electromechanics and sensing/control effective-
ness of distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators in structural controls, (3) the
energy generation or harvesting based on piezoelectric laminated shell structures,
and(4)thedevelopmentofpiezoelectricfiniteelementanditsnumericaltechniques.
Continuedfromthe1steditionofthebook,this2ndeditionisdividedintofour
major subjects.Thefirstsubjectfocusesonpiezoelectricshellcontinua,thesecondon
distributedsensingandcontrolofelasticcontinuaandstructures,thethirdonenergy
generation and harvesting, and the fourth on the finite element development. To
introducetheessentialbackgroundinthearea,Chap.1providesageneralintroduction
topiezoelectricphenomena,piezoelectricmaterials,piezoelectriccontinua,anddis-
tributed sensing, energy generation and control of continua or structures. Detailed
derivationsofthreepiezoelectricshelltheoriesarepresentedinChap.2.Applications
ofthegenericpiezoelectricshelltheoriestocommonpiezoelectriccontinuabasedona
reductionprocedurearegiveninChap.3.Distributedconvolvingsensorandactuator
theoriesindistributedidentificationandcontrolarealsodiscussed.Inaddition,fre-
quencyanddampingcontrolsofpiezoelectricstructuresarealsodemonstrated.Chap.
4focusesongenericdistributedshellsensor/actuatortheoriesforelasticshellcontinua
laminated with distributed piezoelectric thin sensor/actuator layers. Applications
of the generic theories to other shell and non-shell common geometries are also
demonstratedincasestudies.Twogenericsensor/actuatordesignprinciples,namely
thesegmentation techniqueand theshapingtechnique,are also presented. Chap. 5
presents a multi-layered shell actuator theory based on equivalent induced control
actions.Distributedmeasurements(sensingoridentifications)andcontrolsoftypical
elasticcontinua orstructures,e.g.,beams,plates,rings,cylindricalshells, andpara-
boloidalshells,are demonstratedinChaps.6–10.
Boundary controls of an elastic cantilever beam are investigated in Chap. 6.
Theoretical,finiteelementandexperimentaldataarecompared.Distributedsensing
and control of plates with fully distributed and segmented sensors/actuators, i.e.,
based on the segmentation technique, are studied in Chap. 7. Detailed parametric
studiesofsegmentedsensors/actuatorsareemphasized.InChap.8,distributedshell
sensorelectromechanicsofagenericpiezoelectricshelllayerarefirstpresentedand
followedbygenerictheoriesofdistributedshapedandconvolvedsensors/actuators,
i.e., the shaping technique. These theories are then applied to an elastic circular
Preface(2ndEdition) ix
ring. Distributed convolving modal sensors/actuators are designed, and their per-
formances are evaluated. Following the same procedures, distributed sensing and
control of cylindrical shells are presented in Chap. 9. Spatially distributed micro-
scopic modal actuation characteristics and optimal control of parabolic shells are
evaluated in Chap. 10.
Piezoelectricity-based energy generation and harvesting of generic shell har-
vesters are presented in Chap. 11. Electromechanics and power generation of a
tubular shell are discussed in Chap. 12. Analytical results are compared with
experimental data. Note that laboratory experiments were carried out over time.
Thus, piezoelectric materials with various dielectric constants from different ven-
dors were used in experimental models presented in newly added Chaps. 10–12.
Furthermore,itiswellknownthattheoreticalmodelsandsolutionsarelimitedto
relatively ideal geometries and boundary conditions. In order to broaden the
practical applications of piezoelectric technology, piezoelectric finite elements,
especially a “thin” solid element, and sensing/control algorithms are formulated in
Chap. 13. Validations and applications of the piezoelectric thin finite element to
micro-manipulations, distributed identification (modal voltages), and distributed
control of continua are presented in case studies. Note that minor typos and mis-
takes are corrected; specifically, laboratory experimental components are added to
many chapters in the revised book.
This book can be used as a professional reference for scientists and practicing
engineers who would like to understand the new piezoelectric technology in dis-
tributedsensing,identification,energygenerationandcontrol.Thebookcanalsobe
used in classroom teaching as a textbook for graduate students. Technical back-
groundsinvibrationandsolidmechanicsshouldbeadequatetomasterthecontents.
Nanjing, China Hornsen (HS) Tzou
Acknowledgements (2nd Edition)
This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation
(No. RII-8610671), the Commonwealth of Kentucky (1986–1991), the Army
Research Office (DAAL03-91-G-0065, 1991–1994, Technical Monitor: Dr. Gary
L.Anderson),theCenterforRoboticsandManufacturingSystems(1987–1988and
1992–1993)attheUniversityofKentucky,etc.(Notethatcontentsoftheinformation
do not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the government, nor should
officialendorsementbeinferred.)AfellowshipsupportedbytheInstituteofSpaceand
Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japanese Ministry of Education, is gratefully
acknowledged.(Theauthorisparticularlythankfultohishosts,Prof.M.C.Natoriand
Prof.K.Miura,intheDivisionofSpacecraftEngineering,fortheirwarmhospitalities
during that period.) The later chapters on energy generation and harvesting were
supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(#11872206,#11472241and#11172262),theNanjingUniversityofAeronauticsand
Astronautics Foundation (NUAA-NP2016203; 56SYQR18002), the State Key
Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures (NUAA-MCMS-
0516G01), the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control
(No.SKLoFP_CX_001),andalsothe985(2ndphase)grantatZhejiangUniversity.
Theauthorwouldliketoexpresshissinceregratitudetoanumberofpeoplewho
were influential to his career development: Prof. A. J. Schiff (advisor), Prof. H. T.
Y. Yang, Prof. R. A. Altenkirch,Prof.J. T. P. Yao, etc. He also likes to thank Dr.
D. J. Segalman and Dr. R. D. Skocypec for encouraging his professional services
on the ASME Board on Technical Knowledge Dissemination (BTKD), the
Technical Communities Operating Board (TCOB), and the Interdisciplinary
Councils (ICs). The author would like to thank all his past graduate students,
xi