Piezoelectric materials : applications in SHM, energy harvesting and biomechanics

275 Pages·2017·17.529 MB·English

by  Bhalla, Suresh

Piezoelectric Materials
Applications in SHM,
Energy Harvesting and Bio-mechanics
Piezoelectric Materials
Applications in SHM,
Energy Harvesting and Bio-mechanics
Suresh Bhalla
Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi,
New Delhi (India)
Sumedha Moharana
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Shiv Nadar University (SNU), Dadri,
Uttar Pradesh (India)
Visalakshi Talakokula
Professor and Head,
Department of Civil Engineering,
I.T.S Engineering College,
Greater Noida,
Uttar Pradesh (India)
Naveet Kaur
DST INSPIRE Faculty Scientist,
Bridge Engineering and Structures Division,
CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CRRI),
New Delhi (India)
Piezoelectric Materials: Applications in SHM, Energy Harvesting and Bio-mechanics
Suresh Bhalla, Sumedha Moharana, Visalakshi Talakokula and Naveet Kaur
© Authors, 2017
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Preface
Smart materials, along with their associated technologies, have been attracting
both researchers and application engineers alike. In particular, the family of
piezoelectric materials, and especially the ceramic group, has emerged as a versatile
member among the wide range of smart materials. The main factor contributing
to the wide popularity of piezo-materials today is their easy commercial
availability coupled with inherent structural and functional compatibility with
most engineering systems. In addition, the piezo-materials can serve as both
sensors as well as actuators, for being capable of converting one form of energy
into another reversibly, whereby they are classified as “transducers”. The major
thrust areas associated with piezo-materials include structural health monitoring
(SHM), bio-mechanics and bio-medical engineering and energy harvesting.
Engineering and technological applications of piezo-materials warrant multi-
dimensional theoretical and experimental know-how and expertise in the fields
of solid/structural mechanics, instrumentation, digital electronics and information
technology, over and above the specific domain knowledge. This book aims to
present, from theory to practice, the application of the smart piezo-materials in
thrust domains, namely SHM, bio-mechanics/bio-medical engineering, and energy
harvesting in a single volume. Following paragraphs provide an insight into the
various chapters of the book, which have mainly been the outcome of the research
by the authors during the last one decade beginning 2005.
Chapter 1, the introductory chapter, serves to provide a background and
an outlook to the entire book. This is followed by theoretical background and
practical aspects of SHM related to piezo-transducers in Chapter 2. The chapter
also introduces the electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique and the related
models and the practical details. Chapters 3 and 4 cover the elasto-dynamic
modelling aspects of piezo-transducers pertinent for SHM. They cover in detail
the piezo-bond-structure interaction models, presenting all theoretical aspects and
parametric studies necessary to effectively apply the lead zirconte titanate (PZT)
based piezo-transducers for SHM. Chapter 5 presents fatigue damage monitoring,
a very crucial but silent form of damage in steel structures, using piezo-transducers.
It covers the comprehensive experimental investigations carried out by the authors
in this field. Corrosion of rebars in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is another
vi Preface
serious problem encountered in civil structures. Being embedded in concrete,
visible signs of corrosion often manifest only when it has reached an alarming
level. Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to effective corrosion damage assessment of
rebars using the EMI technique.
Uninterrupted and continuous SHM by piezo-transducers warrants the
availability of a perennial power source to ensure that the sensors are working in
a continuous manner. Conventional power supply or batteries are bound to prove
unrealistic in the long run. To address this issue, Chapters 8 and 9 cater to energy
harvesting and SHM potential of piezo-transducers on real-life structures in most
natural mode of operation. It provides a proof-of-concept feasibility of employing
a piezo-transducer first as a generator, this mode being called the “harnessing
mode” or the “idle mode”. Thereafter, the same transducer is utilized for SHM, the
particular operation being referred to as the “SHM mode”.
Though the SHM related research has made remarkable progress during
the last few decades, the technologies are only now being explored for possible
extension in bio-medical/bio-mechanics field to augment the conventional set
of tools. Chapter 10 presents some of the recent extensions of SHM in the bio-
mechanics and the bio-medical fields, such as condition monitoring of bones and
dental implants and foot pressure measurement.
Finally, the book presents conclusions and vision for the future in Chapter 11.
The structure of the book is so organised that the reader will acquire the necessary
theoretical and practical know-how to begin applying piezo-transducers for
multiple applications in real-life scenarios. It is expected to be equally useful to
researchers as well as practising engineers.
06 January 2016
Suresh Bhalla
Sumedha Moharana
Visalakshi Talakokula
Naveet Kaur
Acknowledgements
This book is primarily based on the research work in the area of piezoelectric
materials carried out at the Smart Structures and Dynamics Laboratory
(SSDL), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Delhi, during the last ten years. I therefore owe special gratitude to the
Institute, the Department, and all my fellow colleagues, both faculty and staff,
particularly Prof. Ashok Gupta, Prof. B. Bhattacharjee and Prof. Alok Madan,
for the last ten years. As lead author of the book, I would like to gratefully
acknowledge the contributions from the co-authors (also my former students),
Dr. Sumedha Moharana, Dr. T. Visalakshi and Dr. Naveet Kaur, in terms of two
chapters each. I also acknowledge the support of Mr. Sumit Dhaiya, technical
staff at SSDL, for aiding me in editing work and corrections. My special thanks
and regards go to towards Mr. Sunil Saxena, Director, Athena Academic Ltd. and
Mr. Jai Raj Kapoor, CEO, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., for showing enthusiastic interest
in the topic, speeding up the production process, and collaborating with Wiley.
I can also not forget the contributions of Prof. Chee-Kiong Soh, School of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, NTU, Singapore, who happen to be my former
doctoral advisor, for inspiration. Finally, without the sanction of the Supreme
Personality of Godhead, Krishna, this work would not have begun let alone
complete in time. It is my endeavor to offer the book in the service of the Supreme
Lord, who is behind the intricacies of this phenomenal world, a very minuscule
portion of which is being covered in the book.
01 March 2016
Suresh Bhalla
Lead Author
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
1. Introduction 1–6
1.1 What are ‘Smart Materials’? 1
1.2 ‘Smartness’ of Piezoelectric Materials 2
1.3 Structural Health Monitoring and Non-Destructive Evaluation 3
1.4 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting 4
1.5 Extension of SHM Technologies to Bio-mechanics and 5
Bio-medical Engineering
1.6 Concluding Remarks 5
2. Piezo-Transducers for Structural Health 7–43
Monitoring and Non-Destructive Evaluation
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 More About Piezoelectric Materials 9
2.2.1 Mathematical Formulations 9
2.2.2 Practical Aspects 13
2.3 Piezo-Patch as Dynamic Strain Sensor for SHM 14
2.4 Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) Technique for 19
SHM and NDE
2.4.1 EMI Technique: Theory 21
2.4.2 EMI technique: Practical aspects 24
2.5 Development of 2D Impedance Models 28
2.6 Structural Impedance Extraction and System Identification 33
2.7 EMI Technique: Hardware Related Developments 38
2.8 New Variants of EMI Technique 40
2.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks 43
x Contents
3. Piezo Bond-Structure Elasto-Dynamic Interaction: 45–65
Refined Model
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Review of Shear Lag Effect and Early Models 46
3.3 Refined Model: 1D Case 51
3.4 Extension of Refined Shear Lag Formulations to 2D 54
3.5 Effect of Inclusion of Adhesive Mass 62
3.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 65
4. Piezo-Structure Elasto-dynamic Interaction: 67–80
Continuum Model
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Admittance Formulations Based on Continuum Approach 68
4.3 Experimental Verification 70
4.4 Parametric Study Based on Continuum Approach 74
4.5 Effect of Adhesive Mass 78
4.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 80
5. Fatigue Damage Monitoring in Steel Joints 81–111
Using Piezo-Transducers
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Experimental Details 83
5.3 Statistical Analysis of Conductance Signatures 89
5.4 Fatigue Life Assessment Using Equivalent Stiffness 99
Parameter (ESP) Identified by Piezo-Transducers
5.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 110
6. Chloride Induced Rebar Corrosion Monitoring 113–137
Using Piezo-Transducers
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Rebar Corrosion in RC Structures 114
6.3 Experimental Study: Specimen Preparation 117
6.4 Accelerated Chloride Induced Corrosion Exposure 119
6.5 Analysis Based on Equivalent Structural Parameters 126
6.6 Calibration of Equivalent Parameters 130
6.6.1 Equivalent Stiffness Parameter (ESP) 130
6.6.2 Equivalent Mass Parameter (EMP) for Corrosion Rates 133
6.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks 137
Contents xi
7. Carbonation Induced Corrosion Monitoring 139–153
Using Piezo-Transducers
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Accelerated Carbonation Tests: Experimental Procedure 140
7.3 Equivalent Stiffness Parameters (ESP) 146
7.4 Equivalent Mass Parameter (EMP) 149
7.5 Correlation with Microscopic Image Analysis 150
7.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 152
8. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting: 155–192
Analytical Models
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 Evolution and Recent Advances in Piezoelectric 157
Energy Harvesting
8.3 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices 159
8.4 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (PEH) Model for 162
Surface Bonded PZT Patch
8.4.1 Losses Associated with Surface-Bonded PZT Patch 165
8.4.2 Comparison of Analytical and Experimental Results 167
8.5 PEH Model for Embedded PZT Patch 171
8.5.1 Details of CVS 171
8.5.2 Coupled Electro-Mechanical Model for CVS 172
8.5.3 Comparison of Voltage Response of Surface-Bonded 178
and Embedded PZT Patches
8.6 Energy Harvesting: Power Measurement Across 186
Surface-Bonded and Embedded PZT Patch
8.6.1 Power Measurement Across Surface-Bonded 189
PZT Patch
8.6.2 Power Measurement Across Embedded CVS 190
8.7 Concluding Remarks 192
9. Energy Harvesting Using Thin PZT Patches 193–205
on Real-Life Structures
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Integrated SHM and Energy Harvesting by PZT Patches 194
9.3 Feasibility of PEH From Typical City Flyover: 196
Semi Analytical Study
xii Contents
9.4 Extension to Existing Real-Life Bridges/Flyovers 201
9.4.1 Steel Bridges 202
9.4.2 RC Bridges 202
9.4.3 Computation of Charging Time 204
9.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 205
10. Extension of Structural Health Monitoring 207–224
Technologies to Bio-mechanics and
Bio-medical Engineering
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Plantar Pressure Measurement 212
10.3 Instrumentation Details 214
10.4 Experimentation on Human Subject 218
10.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 224
11. Piezoelectric Materials: What Lies in Future? 225–233
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Newer Versions of Piezoelectric Materials 225
11.3 Advances in SHM 226
11.4 Advances in Energy Harvesting 227
11.5 Advances in Bio-Medical Engineering 228
11.6 Educational Aspects of Piezoelectric Materials 230
11.7s Summary and Concluding Remarks 233
Appendix-A 235–238
1D Admittance Formulations 235
Appendix-B 239–242
2D Effective Impedance Formulations 239
Appendix-C 243–251
Shear Lag Model of Bhalla and Soh (2004c) 243
1D Case 243
2D Case 248
References 253–267
Index 269–275