Table Of ContentV
MATERIALS SCIENCE / ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
I
J
A
Piezoelectric
Y
A
Piezoelectric Materials and Devices: Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences provides a complete overview of piezoelectric
materials, covering all aspects of the materials starting from fundamental P Materials
concepts. The treatment includes physics of piezoelectric materials, their
i
characteristics, and applications. The author uses simple language to e
explain the theory of piezoelectricity and introduce readers to the properties z
and Devices
and design of different types of piezoelectric materials, such as those used o
in engineering and medical device applications.
e
l
This book: e
• Introduces various types of dielectrics and their classification c Applications in Engineering
based on their characteristics t
r
• Addresses the mathematical formulation of piezoelectric effects i and Medical Sciences
c
and the definition of various piezoelectric constants
• Describes the structure and properties of practical piezoelectric
M
materials such as quartz, lead zirconate titanate, barium titanate,
zinc oxide, and polyvinylidene fluoride a
• Covers the entire gamut of piezoelectric devices used in engineering t
e
and medical applications
• Discusses briefly the use of piezoelectric materials for energy r
i
harvesting and structural health monitoring a
• Explores new developments in biomedical applications of
l
piezoelectric devices such as drug delivery, blood flow and blood s
pressure monitoring, robotic operating tools, etc.
a
• Elaborates on design and virtual prototyping of piezoelectric
n
devices through the use of FE software tools ANSYS and PAFEC
d
Giving design engineers, scientists, and technologists the information and
D
guidance they will need to adopt piezoelectric materials in the develop-
ment of smart devices, this book will also motivate engineering and science e
students to initiate new research for developing innovative devices. Its v
contents will be invaluable to both students and professionals seeking i
c
a greater understanding of fundamentals and applications in the evolving
e
field of piezoelectrics.
M . S . V I J A Y A
s
K14058
ISBN: 978-1-4398-8786-8
90000
9 781439 887868
K14058_Cover_mech.indd 1 7/31/12 12:13 PM
Piezoelectric
Materials
and Devices
Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences
Piezoelectric
Materials
and Devices
Applications in Engineering
and Medical Sciences
M . S . V i j a y a
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
K14058_FM.indd 2 2/29/12 9:22 AM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20120518
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8788-2 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Dedicated to
My mother who is no more in this world but lives in my heart.
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
1 Introduction......................................................................................................1
1.1. Classification.of.Dielectric.Materials...................................................1
1.2. Important.Dielectric.Parameters.........................................................2
1.2.1. Electric.Dipole.Moment.p........................................................2
1.2.2. Polar.and.Nonpolar.Dielectric.Materials..............................3
1.2.3. Electric.Polarization.P..............................................................3
1.2.4. Dielectric.Displacement.or.Flux.Density.D,.Dielectric.
Constant.ε,.and.Electric.Susceptibilty.χ................................4
r
1.2.5. Spontaneous.Polarization.P ...................................................4
S
1.3. Electrostrictive.Effect.............................................................................5
1.4. Piezoelectric.Effect.................................................................................6
1.5. Pyroelectric.Effect..................................................................................8
1.6. Ferroelectric.Materials.........................................................................10
1.6.1. Ferroelectric.Domains............................................................10
1.6.2. Ferroelectric.Hysteresis..........................................................10
1.6.3. Ferroelectric.Transition.Temperature..................................11
1.7. Poling.....................................................................................................12
1.8. Applications.of.Ferroelectric.Materials............................................12
2 Piezoelectric Characteristics.......................................................................15
2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................15
2.2. Piezoelectric.Coefficients....................................................................15
2.3. Tensor.Form.of.Piezoelectric.Equations...........................................21
2.3.1. Piezoelectric.Coefficient.d......................................................22
2.3.2. Mechanical.Parameters:.Elastic.Compliance.Constant.
and.Elastic.Stiffness.Constant...............................................25
2.3.3. Dielectric.Parameter:.Permittivity........................................26
2.4. Independent.Components.of.Piezoelectric,.Elastic,.and.
Dielectric.Matrices...............................................................................26
2.4.1. Interpretation.of.Piezoelectric.Coefficients.d ,.d ,.
33 31
and.d .......................................................................................28
15
2.5. Generator.and.Motor.Actions.of.Piezoelectric.Materials...............31
2.5.1. Generator.Action.....................................................................31
2.5.2. Motor.Action............................................................................32
2.6. Strain.versus.Electric.Field.in.Piezoelectric.Materials....................32
2.7. Piezoelectric.Coupling.Coefficient.k..................................................33
2.8. Dynamic.Behaviour.of.a.Piezoelectric.Material..............................35
vii
viii Contents
3 Piezoelectric Materials.................................................................................39
3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................39
3.2. Quartz....................................................................................................39
3.3. Lead.Zirconate.Titanate.(PZT)...........................................................41
3.3.1. Composition.and.Structure.of.PZT......................................41
3.3.2. Phase.Transitions.in.PZT.......................................................42
3.3.3. Lanthanum-Doped.PZT.(PLZT)...........................................43
3.4. Fabrication.of.PZT................................................................................44
3.4.1. Fabrication.of.PZT.in.Powder.Form.....................................44
3.4.1.1. Solid-.State.Solution.Technique..............................44
3.4.1.2. Coprecipitation.from.Solution...............................45
3.4.1.3. Sol–Gel.Technique...................................................45
3.4.2. Shape.Forming.Techniques.from.PZT.Powder..................45
3.4.2.1. PZT.Discs,.Cylinders,.Plates,.etc...........................45
3.4.2.2. PZT.Thick.Films—Tape.Casting.Technique........46
3.4.3. Fabrication.of.PZT.Thin.Films..............................................47
3.4.3.1. RF.Sputtering.Deposition.Technique...................47
3.4.3.2. Spin.Coating.Technique.........................................47
3.4.3.3. Chemical.Vapour.Deposition.Technique.............47
3.5. Polymer.Piezoelectric.Materials.........................................................48
3.5.1. Polyvinylidene.Fluoride.(PVDF)...........................................48
3.6. Other.Piezoelectric.Materials.............................................................49
3.6.1. Barium.Titanate.......................................................................50
3.6.2. Zinc.Oxide.Thin.Films...........................................................50
3.7. Composite.Piezoelectric.Materials....................................................50
3.7.1. 0-3.PZT–Polymer.Composites...............................................51
3.7.2. 1-3.PZT–Polymer.Composites...............................................52
3.7.3. 3-3.PZT–Polymer.Composite.................................................54
References........................................................................................................54
4 Engineering Applications of Piezoelectric Materials............................57
4.1. Introduction..........................................................................................57
4.2. Gas.Lighter............................................................................................57
4.3. Pressure.Sensor....................................................................................59
4.4. Accelerometer.......................................................................................60
4.4.1. Principle.of.Piezoelectric.Accelerometer.............................60
4.4.2. Operating.Frequency.Range.................................................62
4.4.3. Types.of.Piezoelectric.Accelerometers.................................64
4.5. Piezoelectric.Gyroscope–Angular.Rate.Sensors.............................65
4.5.1. Piezoelectric.Beam.Gyroscope..............................................67
4.5.2. Piezoelectric.Tuning.Fork.Gyroscope..................................68
4.5.3. Piezoelectric.Cylindrical.Gyroscope....................................68
4.5.3.1. Operation.of.the.Steel.Cylinder.Gyroscope.........69
4.6. Piezoelectric.Microphone...................................................................71
Contents ix
4.7. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Transducers.for.Sound.Navigation.
and.Ranging.(SONAR)........................................................................71
4.7.1. Tonpilz.Transducer.................................................................73
4.7.2. High-.Frequency.Underwater.Transducers.........................74
4.7.3. Piezoelectric.Hydrophone.Specifications............................74
4.7.4. Piezoelectric.Projector.Specifications...................................76
4.8. Piezoelectric.Tactile.Sensor................................................................76
4.9. Energy.Harvesting...............................................................................77
4.10. Piezoelectric.Electronic.Buzzer.and.Tweeter...................................80
4.11. Piezoelectric.Actuators........................................................................80
4.11.1. Piezoelectric.Stack.Actuator..................................................81
4.11.2. Piezoelectric.Bender.Actuator—Bimorph.and.Unimorph...83
4.11.2.1. Piezoelectric.Bimorph.............................................83
4.11.2.2. Piezoelectric.Unimorph..........................................84
4.11.3. Piezoelectric.Cymbal.Actuator.............................................85
4.12. Piezoelectric.Motor..............................................................................87
4.12.1. Linear.Piezoelectric.Motors...................................................87
4.12.2. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Rotary.Motor................................89
4.13. Piezoelectric.Micro.Pump...................................................................91
4.14. Piezoelectric.Ultrasonic.Drill.............................................................92
4.15. Ultrasonic.Cleaner...............................................................................93
4.16. Quartz.Crystal.Oscillator....................................................................94
4.17. Quartz.Crystal.Balance.......................................................................95
4.18. Quartz.Tuning.Fork.in.Atomic.Force.Microscope..........................96
4.19. Piezoelectric.Transformer...................................................................96
4.19.1. Rosen.Piezoelectric.Transformer..........................................96
4.19.2. Longitudinal.Vibration.Piezoelectric.Transformer............98
4.19.3. Radial.Vibration.Piezoelectric.Transformer........................99
4.20. Nondestructive.Testing.(NDT).of.Materials.Using.Ultrasonics....100
4.21. Noise.and.Vibration.Control............................................................102
4.22. Structural.Health.Monitoring..........................................................104
4.23. Piezoelectric.Sensors.and.Actuators.in.Smart.Systems.and.
Robots..................................................................................................105
References......................................................................................................106
5 Medical Applications of Piezoelectric Materials..................................109
5.1. Introduction........................................................................................109
5.2. Blood.Pressure.Monitor....................................................................109
5.3. Piezoelectric.Heartbeat.Monitor......................................................111
5.4. Piezoelectric.Tactile.Sensor—Endoscopic.Grasper.and.
Minimal.Invasive.Surgical.Instrument...........................................111
5.5. Piezoelectric.Accelerometer—Monitoring.Patient.Activity.
and.Detecting.Tremors......................................................................112
5.6. Piezoelectric.Pump—Drug.Delivery.and.Biomedical.Analyses....112
5.7. Ultrasonic.Imaging............................................................................113
