phytosociological and ethnobotanical appraisal of kabal valley swat with especial reference to ...

448 Pages·2015·9.29 MB·English

by  The Computer Doctor

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL APPRAISAL OF
KABAL VALLEY SWAT WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO PLANT
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
MOHAMMAD ILYAS
(09-arid-1824)
Department of Botany
Faculty of Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
Pakistan
2015
i
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL APPRAISAL OF
KABAL VALLEY SWAT WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO PLANT
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

by

MOHAMMAD ILYAS
(09-arid-1824)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in

Botany

Department of Botany
Faculty of Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
Pakistan
2015
ii
CERTIFICATION

I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis falls
under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences.

Student Name: Mohammad Ilyas Signature: ________
Registration Number: 09-arid-1824 Date: ________________

Certified that the contents and form of the thesis entitled “Phytosociological and
ethnobotanical appraisal of Kabal valley Swat with especial reference to plant biodiversity
conservation” submitted by Mr. Mohammad Ilyas have been found satisfactory for the
requirement of the degree.

Supervisor: __________________________
(Dr. Rahmatullah Qureshi)

Member: __________________________
(Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arshad)

Member: __________________________
(Prof. Dr. Sarwat Naz Mirza)

Chairman: ________________________

Dean: ____________________________

Director Advanced Studies: _________________________

iii
Dedication

To all those who have devoted their lives for
the cause of biodiversity conservation, this
humble piece of work is dedicated with
affection

iv
CONTENTS Page
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
Acknowledgement xii
ABSTRACT 1
1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 THE STUDY AREA: 3
1.1.1 Location and description 3
1.1.2 Geology 4
1.1.3 Soil 5
1.1.4 Climate 7
1.1.4.1 Temperature 7
1.1.4.2 Rainfall 7
1.1.4.3 Snowfall 9
1.1.4.4 Relative humidity 9
1.1.5 Hydrography 9
1.1.6 Natural vegetation 10
1.1.7 Wildlife 10
1.1.8 Brief history 11
1.1.9 People 13
1.1.10 Land use 13
1.1.11 Agro-ecology 14
1.1.12 Biotic factor 15
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1.2 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY 16
1.3 ETHNOBOTANY 17
1.4 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 18
2 FLORISTIC ENUMERATION AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGY 20
2.1. INTRODUCTION 20
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 23
2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 31
2.3.1. Physiognomy 31
2.3.2. Plant collection 31
2.3.3. Phytosociological studies 32
2.3.3.1 Cover-abundance scale 34
2.3.3.2 Data storage and analysis 34
2.3.3.3 Soil analysis 35
2.3.3.4 Diversity indices 35
2.3.3.4.1 Species richness 36
2.3.3.4.2 Simpson diversity index 36
2.3.3.4.3 Shannon-Wiener diversity index 36
2.3.3.4.4 Species Evenness 36
2.3.3.5 Vegetation Ordination 37
2.3.3.4.6 Life form (Biological spectrum) 37
2.3.3.4.7 Leaf Spectra 38
2.4 RESULTS 38
2.4.1 Floristic enumeration 38
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2.4.2 Phytosociology 71
2.4.2.1 Associations 71
2.4.2.2 Ordination 110
2.4.2.3 Biological Spectra (life forms) 113
2.4.2.4 Leaf spectra 117
2.5 DISCUSSION 120
2.6 CONCLUSION 126
3 ETHNOBOTANICAL ENUMERATION 127
3.1 INTRODUCTION 127
3.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 129
3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 134
3.3.1 Estimation of Use Value (UV) and Extent of Knowledge based on Local 135
Perceptions:
3.4 RESULTS 135
3.4.1 Ethnobotanical inventory 135
3.5 DISCUSSION 313
3.5.1 Quantitative Ethnobotany 313
3.5.1.1 Family importance index (FII) 314
3.5.1.2 Habit of the ethnobotanical flora 314
3.5.1.3 Use value categories (UVC) of valuable species 314
3.5.1.4 Use value indexation 316
3.5.2 Some Novel Ethnobotanical Uses 317
3.6 CONCLUSION 342
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4 PLANT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 344
4.1 INTRODUCTION 344
4.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 345
4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 349
4.3.1 Percentage frequency 349
4.3.2 Ethnoecological perception 349
4.3.3 I.U.C.N. Categorization 350
4.4 RESULTS 350
4.5 DISCUSSION 351
4.6 CONCLUSION 386
5 GENERAL DISCUSSION 387
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 397
SUMMARY 400
LITERATURE CITED 403
Annexure Published paper:A PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF THE
VASCULAR FLORA OF KABAL VALLEY, SWAT,
PAKISTAN
viii
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page
1.1 Average Climatic data collected by weather station, ARSN, 8
Minogra, Swat from 2010-2013 (4 years).
1.2 14
Land use statistics of the study area.
2.1 Floristic composition of vascular flora in Kabal valley 39
2.2 40
Comparison of the native flora of Kabal Valley and their
proportionate in District Swat and Pakistan.
2.3 Floristic list of the vascular plants of Kabal valley, Swat, 42
Pakistan
2.4 Synoptic table with percentage frequency and fidelity index 76
along with life forms and leaf spectra
2.5 Environmental variables and cover percentage of vegetation 99
layers
2.6 Diversity indices of Association from Kabal valley, Swat. 100
2.7 Summary of Detrended Correspondence Analysis 111
3.1 Use value Index of the ethnobotanical flora of Kabal valley, 320
Swat
3.2 Age wise and gender wise extent of ethnobotanical knowledge 342
4.1 Conservation status of plant species in Kabal valley, Swat 353

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Page
1.1 Location and demographic map of Kabal valley, Swat, Pakistan 6
2.1 Distribution of sampling points (relevé) in the study area 33
2.2 Top 20 families of the vascular flora of Kabal valley 68
2.3 Habit forms of the flora of Kabal valley 68
2.4 Regional status of the flora of Kabal valley 70
2.5 Cluster dendrogram of nine associations of Kabal valley, Swat 72
2.6 Distribution of the nine associations in Kabal valley swat. 73
2.7 DCA joint triplot of releves, species and environmental variables 112
2.8 Biological spectrum (Life form) of the vegetation of Kabal valley 116
2.9 Leaf spectra of the flora of Kabal valley, Swat 119
3.1 Habit/growth form of the ethnobotanical flora. 318
3.2 Number of taxa used in eight major use categories 318
3.3 Ethnobotanical use of the native flora 319
3.4 Age wise and gender wise extent of Ethnobotanical knowledge 319
4.1 Summary of conservation status of the flora of Kabal valley, Swat 385

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