Table Of ContentP
h
Phytopathogenic Bacteria y
t
o
and Plant Diseases p
a
The field of Phytobacteriology is rapidly advancing and changing, because of recent advances t
in genomics and molecular plant pathology, and also due to the global spread of bacterial h
plant diseases and the emergence of new bacterial diseases. So, there is a need to integrate o
understanding of bacterial taxonomy, genomics, and basic plant pathology that reflects state- g
of-the-art knowledge about plant-disease mechanisms. This book describes seventy specific e
bacterial plant diseases and presents up-to-date classification of plant pathogenic bacteria. n
It would be of great help for scientists and researchers in conducting research on ongoing
i
projects and formulation of new research projects. The book will also serve as a text book c
for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of disciplines of Phytobacteriology B
and Plant Pathology.
Phytopathogenic
a
c
• Contains latest and updated information of plant pathogenic bacteria till December
t
2018 e
• Describes seventy specific bacterial diseases r
• Presents classification of the bacteria and associated nomenclature based on Bergey’s i
a
Bacteria
Manual Systematic Bacteriology and International Journal of Systematic and and
Evolutionary Microbiology a
• Discusses practical and thoroughly tested disease management strategies that would n
help in controlling enormous losses caused by these plant diseases d
• Reviews role of Type I-VI secretion systems and peptide- or protein-containing toxins
P
produced by bacterial plant pathogens Plant Diseases
• Briefs about plants and plant products that act as carriers of human enteric bacterial l
a
pathogens, like emphasizing role of seed sprouts as a common vehicle in causing
n
food-borne illness
t
Dr B. S. Thind was ex-Professor-cum-Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab D B.S. THIND
Agricultural University Ludhiana, India. He has 34 years of experience in teaching,
i
research, and transfer of technology. He has conducted research investigations on bacterial
s
blight of rice, bacterial stalk rot of maize, bacterial blight of cowpea, bacterial leaf spot of e
green gram, bacterial leaf spot of chillies and bacterial soft rot of potatoes. He also acted a
as Principal Investigator of two ICAR-funded research schemes entitled, “Detection and s
e
control of phytopathogenic bacteria from cowpea and mungbean seeds from 1981 to 1986
s
and “Perpetuation, variability, and control of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal
agent of bacterial blight of rice” from 1989 to 1993, and also of a DST funded research
scheme “Biological control of bacterial blight, sheath blight, sheath rot, and brown leaf spot
of rice” from 1999 to 2002. He also authored a manual entitled, Plant Bacteriology and a T
text book entitled, Phytopathogenic Procaryotes and Plant Diseases published by Scientific h
Publishers (India). He is Life member of Indian Phytopathological Society, Indian Society i
n
of Plant Pathologists, Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology, and Indian Science d
Congress Association.
LIFE SCIENCE
ISBN: 978-0-367-19715-5
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Phytopathogenic Bacteria
and Plant Diseases
Phytopathogenic Bacteria
and Plant D iseases
B.S. Thind
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Thind, B. S., author.
Title: Phytopathogenic bacteria and plant diseases / B.S. Thind.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019012214| ISBN 9780367197155 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780429242786 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Bacterial diseases of plants. | Phytopathogenic bacteria.
Classification: LCC SB734 .T445 2020 | DDC 632/.32--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019012214
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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Dedication
Dedicated to the memory of my mentor and teacher late Dr. M. M. Payak, Ex-Head,
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, who
guided and trained me in the discipline of Plant Pathology and Plant Bacteriology.
Contents
Abbreviations of Bacterial Genera Used in This Book .............................................................................................................xix
Preface........................................................................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................xxiii
Author .......................................................................................................................................................................................xxv
Section i General Aspects
Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Phytobacteriology .........................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Procaryotes ...................................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Bacteria ............................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1.1 Gram-Stain-Negative Bacteria Having Cell Walls ..........................................................3
1.2.1.2 Gram-Stain-Positive Bacteria Having Cell Walls ...........................................................3
1.2.1.3 Bacteria Lacking Cell Walls ............................................................................................4
1.2.2 Archaea ...........................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Phytopathogenic Bacteria .............................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Economic Importance of Phytopathogenic Bacteria.......................................................................5
1.4 Historical Review of Phytobacteriology .......................................................................................................7
References ...............................................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 Bacterial Cell .........................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Size .............................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Shape ..........................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Spherical ........................................................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Cylindrical .....................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Spiral .............................................................................................................................................11
2.3 Arrangement ...............................................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 Diplococci .....................................................................................................................................12
2.3.2 Streptococci ...................................................................................................................................12
2.3.3 Tetrads ...........................................................................................................................................12
2.3.4 Sarcinae .........................................................................................................................................12
2.3.5 Staphylococci ................................................................................................................................12
2.3.6 Diplobacilli ....................................................................................................................................12
2.3.7 Streptobacilli .................................................................................................................................13
2.4 Cell Structure .............................................................................................................................................13
2.4.1 Flagella and Pili ............................................................................................................................13
2.4.1.1 Pili ..................................................................................................................................14
2.4.2 Surface Layers (Capsule and Slime Layer) ...................................................................................14
2.4.3 Cell Wall ........................................................................................................................................15
2.4.3.1 Cell Wall of Gram-Stain-Positive Bacteria ...................................................................15
2.4.3.2 Cell Wall of Gram-Stain-Negative Bacteria ..................................................................16
2.4.3.3 Gram-Staining/Reaction ................................................................................................16
2.4.4 Cytoplasmic Membrane ................................................................................................................16
2.4.5 Cytoplasm ......................................................................................................................................17
2.4.6 Ribosomes .....................................................................................................................................17
2.4.7 Inclusions and Storage Products ....................................................................................................17
2.4.8 Gas Vesicles ...................................................................................................................................18
2.4.9 Nucleoid (Genophore)....................................................................................................................18
2.4.9.1 Chromosome ..................................................................................................................18
vii
viii Contents
2.4.10 Plasmids ......................................................................................................................................18
2.4.11 Dormant Forms ...........................................................................................................................20
2.4.11.1 Spores ........................................................................................................................20
2.4.11.2 Cysts ..........................................................................................................................21
References .............................................................................................................................................................21
Chapter 3 Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants .............................................................................................................23
3.1 Assessment of Symptoms ...........................................................................................................................23
3.1.1 Koch’s Postulates ........................................................................................................................23
3.2 Isolation of Bacteria ....................................................................................................................................24
3.2.1 Streak Method .............................................................................................................................24
3.2.2 Pour Plate Method ......................................................................................................................25
3.3 Identification of Bacteria ............................................................................................................................25
3.3.1 Morphological Characteristics ....................................................................................................25
3.3.2 Physiological Characteristics ......................................................................................................25
3.3.3 Biochemical Characteristics .......................................................................................................25
3.4 Serological Techniques ...............................................................................................................................26
3.4.1 Monoclonal Antibodies ...............................................................................................................26
3.4.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay .....................................................................................27
3.4.3 Flow Cytometry ..........................................................................................................................28
3.5 Genomic Techniques ..................................................................................................................................28
3.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction ........................................................................................................28
3.5.2 Real-time (TaqMan®) PCR .........................................................................................................29
3.5.3 DNA/RNA (Dot/Slot-Blot) Hybridization ..................................................................................29
3.5.4 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Using rRNA (rDNA) Oligonucleotide Probes ..........29
3.6 Enrichment Techniques ..............................................................................................................................30
3.7 Bacteriophages............................................................................................................................................31
3.8 Pathogenicity Test .......................................................................................................................................32
3.8.1 Inoculation of Host .....................................................................................................................32
3.8.2 Reisolation of Pathogen ..............................................................................................................32
3.9 Diagnosis Report ........................................................................................................................................32
References .............................................................................................................................................................33
Chapter 4 Classification of Bacteria .......................................................................................................................................37
4.1 Nomenclature Code ....................................................................................................................................37
4.2 Species ........................................................................................................................................................37
4.3 Classification ..............................................................................................................................................38
4.3.1 Classification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ................................................................................39
4.3.1.1 Pathovar Concept .......................................................................................................39
4.3.1.2 International Standards for Naming Pathovars of Phytopathogenic Bacteria ...........40
4.3.1.3 Genera of Phytopathogenic Bacteria .........................................................................41
References .............................................................................................................................................................69
Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence and Pathogenesis .......................................................................................79
5.1 Quorum Sensing .........................................................................................................................................79
5.2 Role of Pathogenicity Factors in Disease Development .............................................................................81
5.2.1 Bacterial Secretion Systems ........................................................................................................81
5.2.1.1 Type I Secretion System ............................................................................................81
5.2.1.2 Type II Secretion System ...........................................................................................82
5.2.1.3 Type III Secretion System .........................................................................................82
5.2.1.4 Type IV Secretion System .........................................................................................85
5.2.1.5 Type V Secretion System...........................................................................................85
5.2.1.6 Type VI Secretion System .........................................................................................85
5.2.1.7 Twin-Arginine Translocation Protein Secretion System ...........................................86
Contents ix
5.3 Circumventing Host Resistance by Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ..................................................................86
5.4 Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen Species ...............................................................................................87
5.5 Role of Phytoalexins and Their Detoxification ..........................................................................................87
5.6 Other Virulence Factors .............................................................................................................................87
References .............................................................................................................................................................91
Chapter 6 Plants as Carriers of Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens ....................................................................................95
6.1 Association of Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens with Plant Environment ...........................................95
6.2 Sources of Contamination ..........................................................................................................................97
6.2.1 Animals .........................................................................................................................................97
6.2.2 Soil.................................................................................................................................................97
6.2.3 Water .............................................................................................................................................98
6.2.4 Seed ...............................................................................................................................................98
6.3 Colonization of Plants by Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens .................................................................98
6.3.1 Attraction by Plants .......................................................................................................................98
6.3.2 Attachment and Persistence ..........................................................................................................99
6.3.3 Growth and Multiplication ..........................................................................................................100
6.3.3.1 In Phyllosphere ............................................................................................................100
6.3.3.2 Inhabitation of Spermosphere and Rhizosphere ..........................................................103
6.4 Multiple Serovar Infections ......................................................................................................................103
6.5 Plant Response/Reaction ..........................................................................................................................103
6.6 Defense Mechanisms of Plants .................................................................................................................103
6.7 Future Strategies .......................................................................................................................................104
References ...........................................................................................................................................................105
Section ii Specific Plant Diseases
Chapter 7 Description of Plant Diseases ...............................................................................................................................113
7.1 Bacterial Blight of Rice .............................................................................................................................113
7.1.1 Symptoms .....................................................................................................................................113
7.1.1.1 Leaf Blight Phase ..........................................................................................................114
7.1.1.2 Kresek (Wilt) Phase ......................................................................................................114
7.1.1.3 Pale Yellow Leaf Phase ................................................................................................114
7.1.2 Causal Organism ..........................................................................................................................114
7.1.3 Disease Cycle ...............................................................................................................................116
7.1.3.1 Perpetuation ..................................................................................................................116
7.1.3.2 Disease Development ....................................................................................................117
7.1.3.3 Host Resistance .............................................................................................................118
7.1.4 Management .................................................................................................................................119
References ...........................................................................................................................................................120
7.2 Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice ...................................................................................................................123
7.2.1 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................................123
7.2.2 Causal Organism .........................................................................................................................123
7.2.3 Disease Cycle ..............................................................................................................................124
7.2.4 Management ................................................................................................................................125
References ...........................................................................................................................................................126
7.3 Bacterial Sheath Brown Rot of Rice ........................................................................................................126
7.3.1 Host Range ..................................................................................................................................127
7.3.2 Symptoms ....................................................................................................................................127
7.3.3 Causal Organism .........................................................................................................................127
7.3.4 Disease Cycle ..............................................................................................................................127
7.3.5 Management ................................................................................................................................128
References ...........................................................................................................................................................128
