phytogenic feed additive for ameliorating oxidative stress in ruminants

265 Pages·2012·13.97 MB·English

PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE FOR
AMELIORATING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN
RUMINANTS
Thesis
Submitted to the
DEEMED UNIVERSITY
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Izatnagar - 243 122 (U.P.), India
Ajit Kumar
Roll No. 1327
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
Doctor of Philosophy
(Animal Nutrition)
February, 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With stupendous ecstasy, I extend my esteemed sense of gratitude to my
Major Advisor, Dr. A.K. Pattanaik, Principal Scientist, Clinical and Pet Nutrition
Laboratory, Animal Nutrition Division, IVRI, Izatnagar for his able guidance,
indefatigable encouragement from the inception of this project, giving critical
comments wherever required, with very worthy discussions, providing fatherly
affection and care throughout the study period. Under his able guidance I
discovered many of my potential and weaknesses that will guide me on my onward
journey in my life and career.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. A.K. Verma, Director cum Head, CAFT in
Animal Nutrition and Dr. D.N. Kamra, National Professor, Animal Nutrition
Division for their continuous encouragement and genuine guidance throughout my
research period. I shall forever remain an admirer of their interest in work, their
depth of knowledge, approach to the subject, love for students and constant co-
operation throughout my entire stay at this research institute.
I am grateful to Dr. N. Dutta, Principal Scientist, Division of Animal
Nutrition for his moral support and providing necessary laboratory facilities to
conduct my research work. It’s my immense pleasure to thank Dr. A.B. Mandal,
Head and Principal Scientist, Avian Nutrition, CARI and Dr. B.H.M. Patel,
Division of Livestock Production and Management, for their unflinching support,
constructive criticism, able guidance and encouragement throughout the study. I
express my sincere thanks to other members of my advisory committee, Dr. L. C.
Chaudhary and Dr. S. Dandapat for their valuable guidance and help during the
hours of need.
Words are compendious to express my sincere and whole hearted thanks to
faculty of my division Dr(s). R.S. Dass, Putan Singh, S.K. Saha, Asit Das,
Praveen Singh, , V.B. Chaturvedi, A. Tyagi and N. Agarwal for their valuable
suggestions and help during the entire course of my study period. Very special
thanks to Dr. S. E. Jadhav for his valuable suggestion and constructive criticism
throughout my research work and helps rendered in writing and improvement of
thesis. I feel immense pleasure to express a note of thanks to all the staff of Animal
Nutrition Division for their timely and valuable help and support.
I find no words to express my indebtness and sense of gratitude to Shalini
for her technical and personal guidance whose contribution is innumerable and
cannot be expressed in mere words. In a very special way, she was instrumental to
the preparation of this dissertation as it stands today. I am greatful to my lab mates
Shahnawaz, Shalini Sharma, Sachin and Tony for being very good friends and
brilliant collaborators during my research work. I also thank them for their
enormous support and make the lab atmosphere congenial for work.
It’s my pleasure to thank Dr. S. Kumar (CIF) for extending the lab facility
for use of instruments for ELISA and Vitamin estimation. I appreciate and express
sincere thanks to V.K. Singh, Morris, Lal Bihari, Satyadev, Shashi bhaiya,
Virender and Ravinder for their help in lab and animal shed.
I express my sincere love and affection to all my seniors, friends and juniors
with whom I shared unforgettable moments. I thank Dr(s). Shaktivel, Prakash,
Kuldeep, Shrikant, Ani, Chetan, Bedyuti, Anju, Lipi, Abhishek, Kanahaiya,
Fahim, Ojha, Kullu, Anthony, Manzoor, Suraj, Dildeep, Sachin, Chandrashekhar,
Subodh, Sanjay, Avinash, Dilip, Sunil, Ankita and Dinesh for being my counselor
and morale booster throughout my work as always with their unconditional help.
I am very much grateful to Pattanaik mam, Shalini, Mahipal and Ranjan for
their time-to-time guidance and unflinching moral support in all matters of my life.
I would express my deep sense of gratitude to them. The homely atmosphere and
cheerful company which I have enjoyed with Pattanaik mam, Pipi, Lapi, Shalini
and K.D. Uncle will be cherished in my mind forever.
I feel especially blessed to have had the love, trust and support of my parents
specially mummy, who spare no pain to give me the best in life and their silent
sacrifices have placed me in a much better position than I have ever deserved. The
love, affection and care showered by my family member; Bhaiya, Bhabhi, Bauwa,
Vibhu, Gauri and others can never be reciprocated. Thank you all for your
continuous encouragement and support in every moment of my life.
I acknowledge Director, IVRI, for providing me the necessary facilities for
smooth running of the research and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,
New Delhi for keeping my financial worries at bay in the form of SRF. I also
acknowledge Ayurvet India Limited, New Delhi for supplying the phytogenic feed
additive on time for my research work.
Finally, I express tearful acknowledgement to animals that tolerated pain for
the interest of science and research. Besides this, I record my deep felt gratitude to
all those who have directly or indirectly helped me in the successful completion of
this mammoth endeavour.
Date :
Place : (Ajit Kumar)

ABBREVIATIONS
% : Percentage
ME : Metabolizable energy
A: G : Albumin: globulin ratio
ACD : Acid citrate dextrose
ad lib : Ad libitum
ADF : Acid detergent fibre
ADG : Average daily gain
ADS : Acid detergent fibre
ALT : Alanineaminotransferase
AM : Ante meridian
ANOVA : Analysis of variance
AOAC : Association of Official Analytical Chemists
AST : Aspartate aminotransferase
BW : Body weight
CAT : Catalase
CMI : Cell mediated immunity
CO : Carbon dioxide
2
CP : Crude protein
CRBC : Chicken RBC
d : Day
DAM : Diacetyl mono-oxime
DCP : Digestible crude protein
DDM : Digestible dry matter
dL : Deci liter
DM : Dry matter
DMD : Dry matter digestibility
DMI : Dry matter intake
DNPH : Dinitro phenyl hydrazine
DOM : Digestible organic matter
DTH : Delayed type hypersensitivity
DTNB : 5, 5-dithiobis-(2-nitro-benzoic acid)
DTPA : diethylene triamine penta acetic acid
EDTA : Ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid
EE : Ether extract
ELISA : Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
FAO : Food and Agricultural Organization
g : Gram
GOD : Glucose oxidase
GSH : Reduced glutathione
GSH-px : Glutathione peroxidase
GST : Glutathione-S-transferase
h : Hour
HA : Haemagglutinination test
H O : Water
2
H O : Hydrogen peroxide
2 2
H SO : Sulphuric acid
2 4
Hb : Hemoglobin
HCl : Hydrochloric acid
HNO : Nitric acid
3
HRPO : Horseradish peroxidase
IgG : Immunoglobulin G
KCl : Potassium chloride
kg : Kilogram
L : Liter
LPO : Lipid peroxidation
M : Mole
Mab : Monoclonal Antibody
min : Minute
mL /ml : Milliliter
mmol : millimole
N : Normal (solution strength)
n : Nano
N : Nitrogen
NaCl : Sodium chloride
NADPH : Nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate
NaOH : Sodium hydroxide
NBT : Nitro blue tetrazolium
NDF : Neutral detergent fibre
NDS : Neutral detergent solution
nmol : nanomole
NP : Non protein
NP-SH : Non-protein sulphydryl groups
NSS : Normal salinesolution
oC : Degree Celsius
OD : Optical density
oF : DegreeFahrenheit
OM : Organic matter
OPD : Ortho-phenyldiamine
PBS : Phosphate buffer saline
PB-SH : Protein bound sulphydryl groups
PCV : Packed cell volume
PFA : Phytochemicalfeed additive
PHA-P : Phytohaemagglutinin P
ppb : Parts per billion
ppm : Parts per million
RBC : Red blood cells
rpm : Revolution per minute
s/c : Sub cutaneous
SEM : Standard error of mean
SH : Sulfhydryl
SOD : Super oxidedismutase
TBA : Thiobarbituric acid
TCA : Trichloro acetic acid
TCHO : Total carbohydrate
TDMI : Total dry matter intake
TDN : Total digestible nutrient
TP : Total protein
T-SH : Total sulphydryl groups
U : Unit
V/V : Volume by volume
W/V : Weight by volume
W0.75 : Metabolic body size
Wt. : Weight
α : Alpha
μ : Micron
μL/μl : Micro litre