PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES ON TWO MEDICINAL PLANTS (Cucumis ...

107 Pages·2008·0.97 MB·English

ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻢﺴﺑ
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL
STUDIES ON TWO MEDICINAL PLANTS
(Cucumis figareis & Coccina grandis)

A thesis submitted to University of Khartoum in accordance with the
requirements for the M.Pharm degree, at the Department of
Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy .

BY
EIHAB OMER AHMED MOHAMMED YOUSIF
UNIVERSITY OF M . G . R ( INDIA )
B.Pharm. (2001)

Supervisor
Dr. Abdel Khalig Muddathir

Co- Supervisor
Dr. Awatif Abed Elbagi Elegami

****************************************************
2007
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to
To my lovely parents,
To my brothers and sisters
To my wife
To my lovely kit
To all whom I love
With my deepest love and
Respect
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Table of contents i
List of tables v
List of pictures viii
List of figures x
Acknowledgement xi
Abstract (English) xii
Abstract (Arabic) xiv
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1.1. Herbal medicine past, present and future 1
1.1.2. Herbal medications 2
1.1.2.1. Importance of Drugs from natural resources 3
1.1.2.2. The role of the herbalists in treating diseases with
plants 4
1.1.3. Pharmacognostical research orientation 5
1.1.3.1. Methods of Plant collection 5
1.1.3.2. Methods of Plant Identification 6
1.1.3.3. Methods of Plant Extraction 6
1.1.3.4. Methods of isolation, fractionation & components
structure elucidation 7
1.1.3.5. Spectroscopic methods 10
1.1.3.6. An outline of what happens in a mass spectrometer 10
1.1.3.7. GCMS Instrument Overview 12

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1.1.3.8. Methods of herbal medicine standardization and
quality control 12
1.1.4. Bioassay to demonstrate the medicinal prosperities of
plants 13
1.1.5. Herbal medicine in Sudan 15
1.1.6. Plant selection 16
1.1.6.1 Taxonomy of the selected plants family 16
1.1.6.1.1. Cucurbitaceae 16
1.1.6.1.2. Classification 16
1.1.6.1.3. Subfamily Cucuritoideae 16
1.1.6.1.4. Subfamily Zanonioideae 16
1.1.6.1.5. Distribution 18
1.1.6.1.6. Diagnostic Features 18
1.1.6.2 Plants selected for the study 20
1.2. Objectives 24
CHAPTER TWO
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 26
2.1. Materials 26
2.1.1. Plants 26
2.1.2. Chemicals and reagents 26
2.1.3. Apparatus 27
2.1.4. Standard Microorganisms 28
2.2. Methods 29
2.2.1. Crude Plants (2- plants 7 parts): 29
2.2.1.1. Extraction using Soxhlet (continuous extraction) 29
ii
2.2.1.2. Chromatography 29
2.2.2. Fruits of Cucumis figareis & Coccina grandis (oily phase) 30
2.2.2.1. Defatting process for fruits using petroleum ether 30
2.2.2.2. Methylation of fruits oily phase 31
2.2.2.3. Gas liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry 31
2.2.3 Components identification 32
2.2.3.1 Chromatographic methods 32
2.2.4. Preliminary phytochemical screening tests for the major
components of the tested plants 33
2.2.4.1. Preparation of extracts 33
2.2.5. Physicochemical properties 35
2.2.5.1. Saponification value 35
2.2.5.2. Acid value 36
2.2.5.3. Ester value 37
2.2.6. Biological studies (antimicrobial studies) 37
2.2.6.1. Antibacterial 37
2.2.6.2. Antifungal 40
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESULTS 41
3.1. Yield percentage calculation 42
3.1.1. Soxhelet (continuous extraction) 42
3.2 Chromatography 44
3.2.1. TLC for the extracts of the two plants 44
3.2.2. TLC of Cucumis figureis fruits extract 52
3.3 Fruit oily phase of two plants 53
3.3.1. Deffating Process 53
iii
3.3.2. Gas liquid chromatography with Mass spectrum
(GC-MS) 56
3.3.3. Phytochemical screening tests 72
3.3.4. Physicochemical properties 72
3.3.5. Biological studies 73
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. DISCUSSION 78
4.1.1. Coccna grandis 78
4.1.2. Cucumis figareis 80
4.1.3. Comparative comments of the two tested plants 83
4.2. CONCLUSION 84
4.2.1. Methanolic extract of Coccina grandis 84
4.2.2. Methanolic extract of Cucumis figareis 84
4.3. RECOMMENDATIONS 86
REFERENCES 87

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LIST OF TABLES

Page No.
Table (3.1) The yield % of chloroform extract of different parts of
two plants 42
Table (3.2): The yield % of methanolic extract of different parts of
two plants 43
Table (3.3): TLC results Showed the number of components of all
parts of two plants using Ethylacetate-petroleum
ether(6/4) solvent system 44
Table (3.4) : The major components of Coccina grandis that
appeared in the TLC plate using Ethylacetate & petroleum
ether (6\4) as asolvent systemafter spraying by vanillin
sulphuric acid reagent 45
Table (3.5) : showed the major components of Cucumis figareis that
appeared in the TLC plate using Ethylacetate & petrolium
ether (6\4) as a solvent system after spraying with
vanillin sulphuric acid reagent 46
Table (3.6) : TLC results Showed the number of components of all
parts of two plants using Ethylacetate -Methanol(81/11)
solvent system 47
Table (3.7): The major components of Coccina grandis that
appeared in the TLC plate using Ethylacetate & Methanol
(81\11) as a solvent system 47
Table (3.8): The major components of Cuccmis figareis that
appeared in the TLC plate using Ethylacetate & Methanol
(81\11) as a solvent system 48
v
Table (3.9): TLC results Showed the number of components of all
parts of two plants using BAW (Butanol – AceticAcid -
Water)(5/4/1) solvent system 50
Table (3.10) : The major components of Cucumis figareis that
appeared in the TLC plate using BAW (Butanoal-
AceticAcid-Water 5:4:1 ) as solvent system 50
Table (3.11): The major components of Coccina grandis that
appeared in the TLC plate using PAW (Putanoal-
AciticAcid-Water 5:4:1 ) as asolvent system 51
Table (3.12): The yield % after defatting process of fruits of two
plants 53
Table (3.13): The major components of Coccina grandis and
Cucumis figareis that appeared in the TLC plate using
Benzene and ethylacetate ( 19:1 ) as solvent system 54
Table (3.14) : The major components of ripe fruits of Coccina
grandis that appeared in the GC detector 55
Table (3.15): showed the major components of Ripe fruits of
Coccina grandis that appeared in the GC detector 56
Table (3.16): showed the major components of unripe fruits of
Coccina grandis that appeared in the GC detector 66
Table (3.17): The major components of unipe fruits of Coccina
grandis that appeared in the GC detector 67
Table (3.18): showed the major components of Cucumis figareis
fruit that appeared in the GC detector 68
Table (3.19): The major components fruits of Cucumis figareis that
appeared in the GC detector 69
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Table (3.20): The major components of 35 standard samples 70
Table (3.21): showed the major suggested standard components
composition 71
Table (3.22): Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Tested Plants 72
Table (3.23): The results of Physicochemical proporeties of both
Coccina Grandis Cucumis figareis 72
Table (3.24): Results of Coccina grandis extracts and Cucumis
figareis for Antibacterial Activity 73
Table (3.25): Results of Coccina grandis extracts for Antifungal
Activity 74
Table (3.26): Results of Cucumis figaries extracts for Antibacterial
Activity 75
Table (3.27): Results of Cucumis figaries extracts for Antifungal
Activity 76

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LIST OF PICTURES
Page No.
Pict. (3.1) The TLC OF Cucumis figurei & Conccina grandis 44
Pict. (3.2) The TLC OF Cucumis figurei & Coccina grandis 46
Pict. (3.3) The TLC OF Coccina grandis & Cucumis figareis 49
Pict. (3.4) Showed the general CC fractions of Cucumis figareis
fruits extract 52
Pict. (3.5) Showed the special CC fractions of Cucumis figareis
fruits extract 52
Pict. (3.6) Showed the TLC results after methylation of fruits oily
extract of two plants. 53
Pict. (3.7) : showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
laurate 57
Pict. (3.8): showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
Myristate 58
Pict. (3.9) showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
Palmitate 59
Pict.(3.10) showed the Suggesed Chemical structure of methyl
Palmitoleate (Cis-9) 60
Pict. (3.11) showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
stearate 61
Pict. (3.12) Showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
oleate 62
Pict. (3.13) Showed the Suggested Chemical structure of methyl
Linoelaidate (Trans-9-12) 63

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