Table Of ContentPhysiology and Physiopathology
of Adipose Tissue
Jean-Philippe Bastard Bruno Fève
•
Editors
Physiology
and Physiopathology
of Adipose Tissue
123
Editors
Jean-Philippe Bastard BrunoFève
Institutdes maladies cardiométaboliques Institutdes maladies cardiométaboliques
etde lanutrition(IHU ICAN) etde lanutrition(IHU ICAN)
Paris Paris
France France
and and
Faculté deMédecine PierreetMarie Faculté deMédecine PierreetMarie
Curiesite Saint-Antoine Curiesite Saint-Antoine
INSERM, UPMC,UMR_S938 INSERM, UPMC,UMR_S938
Paris Paris
France France
and and
Service deBiochimie etHormonologie Service d’Endocrinologie-Métabolisme
Hôpital Tenon Hôpital Saint-Antoine
Paris Paris
France France
ISBN 978-2-8178-0342-5 ISBN 978-2-8178-0343-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-2-8178-0343-2
SpringerParisHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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(cid:2)Springer-VerlagFrance2013
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Foreword
Created in 1983, the French Association of Study and Research on Obesity
(AFERO) will soon be 30 years old. Since the 3rd ‘‘European Congress on
Obesity’’(ECO)inNicein1991untilthe19thECOinLyonin2012,whatalotof
road gone through! Twenty years later, our ‘‘musketeers at that time’’, Gérard
Ailhaud, Bernard Guy-Grand, Max Lafontan, and Daniel Ricquier knew how to
find the relief team and to pass on their expertise and their enthusiasm!
The French school of obesity has robust traditions. It always wanted to weave
narrow links between researchers and clinicians, between basic research and
clinical research. The presidents followed one another, by respecting at best this
duality, Jacques Le Magnen (1983–1986), Stelio Nicolaïdis (1987–1990), Gérard
Ailhaud (1991–1994), Bernard Guy-Grand (1995–1998), Max Lafontan
(1999–2002), Martine Laville (2003–2006), Yannick Le Marchand Brustel
(2007–2010), and Olivier Ziegler (since 2011).
WealreadyhadthejournalObesity(Springer)andanexcellenttextbookon‘‘The
MedicineandSurgeryfor Obesity’’(A.Basdevant,on2011), which is thesecond
versionofthetextbookMedicineforObesity,(A.BasdevantandB.Guy-Grand,on
2004), and proposes a global medical approach, by opening interdisciplinary per-
spectives, from biology to human and social sciences. But we missed a reference
publication on the adipose tissue. We warmly thank Jean-Philippe Bastard and
BrunoFèveforhavingtakenupthechallengetodesignandcoordinatethiswork,
undertheaegisoftheAFERObothinFrenchandinEnglish.
The objective of this joint publication is to propose to the reader the analysis
and the synthesis of a large number of experimental or clinical facts, keys,
hypotheses, or leads for a better understanding of the multiple facets of this
‘‘organ’spathologywithsystemicimpact’’thatisobesity.Newfunctionsandnew
concepts were described leading to new physiopathological paradigms, which are
going to develop the clinical practices.
The medicine for obesity has to be a medicine based on the proofs. The
clinical reasoning and the care of the patients must be supported by a scientific
quality evidence-based approach. The plan for Obesity (2010–2013, piloted by
v
vi Foreword
A. Basdevant) concerns the multiple determinants or the consequences of obesity
but it also gives the possibility of reforming in-depth the French health system
(notion of network of care, gradation of the levels of alternative…). It is thus
crucial that obesity is understood as a progressive chronic disease, the
therapeutic indications of which vary according to the natural history, the
co-morbidities, and the benefit/risk balance of various treatments. Research
showed us the key role of the adipose tissue in the ‘‘dialogue between organs’’,
which in certain circumstances, can lead to the development of the metabolic
and cardiovascular diseases but also to cancer. Millions of persons are
concerned.
Thisdidacticworkgathersalargenumberofresearchersandclinicians,among
whomtheeducationalqualitiesandthescientificrelevancewillhelpthereaderto
better understand the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue. We
gratefullythankthemforthecontributiontothesuccessofthisessentialapproach
to the quality of care.
Olivier Ziegler
Service de Diabétologie
Maladies Métaboliques
Nutrition CHRU de Nancy-Hôpital Brabois Adultes
Université de Lorraine
Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy
France
Foreword
Obesity is affecting more than 100 million citizens across Europe and is recog-
nizedasamajorcauseofmorbidity,disability,andpremature death.Importantly,
it is recognized that obesity disproportionately affects socioeconomically disad-
vantaged populations and is a heavy burden not only on individuals but also on
health care systems. A major concern in the development of obesity research is
that data provided by basic and clinical investigators will be found relevant for
policy makers and ultimately will have an impact at societal level.
It is one of the aims of the European Association for the Study of Obesity
(EASO) to promote research into obesity and to facilitate contacts between indi-
vidualsandorganizationsacrossEurope,tohelptackletheepidemicofobesityin
our region. EASO, founded in 1986, is an umbrella organization for national
associations for the study of obesity that now exist in almost all European coun-
tries. EASO organizes every year, in collaboration with the national obesity
associationofthehostcountry,theEuropeanCongressonObesity(ECO).In2012,
the ECO will be held in Lyon, France.
At the occasion of the 2012 edition of ECO, J.-P. Bastard and B. Fève have
assembled the contributions of an impressive group of French researchers to
provideanoverviewofcurrentknowledgeonthephysiologyandpathophysiology
of adipose tissue. France has been one of the leading country in obesity research
forthelast30 yearswithawidearrayofexpertiseinvariousaspectsrangingfrom
basictomoreappliedresearch.Botheditorshavetobecommendedforthistimely
initiative demonstrating the strength and dynamism of this obesity research
community. The various chapters of this book provide both an introductory
material to the field and an account of cutting edge research. This book will be a
vii
viii Foreword
guide for readers in their discovery of one of the most fascinating tissues of the
body,whichhasprofoundeffectsonhealth.ItalsohelpsorganizationslikeEASO
in disseminating findings from European obesity research to the largest possible
audience.
Jean-Michel Oppert
Department of Nutrition
Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP)
Human Nutrition Research Centre Ile-de-France (CRNH IdF)
Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN)
University Pierre et Marie Curie
Paris, France
Contents
Part I Adipose Tissue Development
1 Development of Adipose Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tala Mohsen-Kanson, Brigitte Wdziekonski, Phi Villageois,
Anne-Laure Hafner, Nadège Lay, Pauline Martin,
Laure-Emmanuelle Zaragosi, Nathalie Billon, Magali Plaisant,
Pascal Peraldi, Annie Ladoux and Christian Dani
2 Emerging Roles of Cell Cycle Regulators
in Adipocyte Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Carine Chavey, Sylviane Lagarrigue, Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
and Lluis Fajas
3 Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Anne Bouloumié and Jean Galitzky
4 Prospects for Using Adipose Tissue in Regenerative Medicine . . . 39
Louis Casteilla, Valérie Planat-Benard, Patrick Laharrague,
Béatrice Cousin and Anne Lorsignol
5 Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Development . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Daniel Ricquier
6 Histology of Adipose Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Joan Tordjman
Part II Adipose Tissue Metabolic Functions
7 Glucose Transport in White Adipocyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Mireille Cormont and Vincent Kaddai
ix
x Contents
8 Mechanism of Storage and Synthesis of Fatty Acids
and Triglycerides in White Adipocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fabienne Foufelle and Pascal Ferré
9 Adipocyte Lipid Droplet Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Isabelle Dugail and Soizic Le Lay
10 Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Dominique Langin and Etienne Mouisel
11 The Adipose Tissue: Storage, Source, and Target
of Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Robert Barouki and Karine Clément
Part III Endocrine Functions of Adipocyte
12 Chatting Between the Brain and White Adipose Tissues . . . . . . . 171
Luc Pénicaud and Anne Lorsignol
13 Adiponectin: An Adipokine with Multiple Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Jean-Philippe Bastard, Camille Vatier and Bruno Fève
14 Apelin Metabolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Isabelle Castan-laurell, Cédric Dray, Claude Knauf
and Philippe Valet
15 Up-to-Date on Novel ‘‘Adipocrines’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Christian Carpéné and Jean-Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
Part IV Pathology of Adipose Tissue
16 Obesity: An Evolving Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Arnaud Basdevant and Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
17 Obesity Phenotypes: Measures to Assess Adipose Tissue Mass
in Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Jean-Michel Oppert
18 Animal Models of Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Michèle Guerre-Millo
Contents xi
19 Contribution of ‘‘Omics’’ Approaches to Understand
the Pathophysiology of Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Nathalie Viguerie
20 Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Christine Poitou, Elise Dalmas and Karine Clément
21 Impact of Proinflammatory Cytokines on Adipocyte
Insulin Signaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Jean-François Tanti, Jennifer Jager
and Yannick Le Marchand-Brustel
22 Adaptive Changes in Human Adipose Tissue During
Weight Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Maud Alligier, Emmanuel Disse, Hubert Vidal
and Martine Laville
23 Differences Between Subcutaneous and Visceral
Adipose Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Max Lafontan
24 Genetics of the Human Obesities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Frédéric Fumeron
25 Genetic and Acquired Lipodystrophic Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Corinne Vigouroux, Véronique Béréziat, Martine Caron-Debarle
and Jacqueline Capeau
26 Is the Adipose Tissue a Relevant Target
for Obesity Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Olivier Ziegler and Michel Krempf
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
