Physics, the Human Adventure: From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond

598 Pages·2001·21.2 MB·English

by  Gerald Holton

From
Copernicus
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Beond
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Gerald HaonldtS otne phGe.nB rush
PhysitchsHe,u manA dventure
FroCmo perntioEc iunss taenidBn e yond
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HarvaUrndi versity UniverosfMi atyr yland
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Contents
Preface 4.3K eplSeerc'osLn adw 43
Xlll
4.4K eplTehri'Lrsad w 45
4.5K epler'so fVT ihseio4orn6y
PARTA
4.5T heN ewC oncoefpP th ysical
TheO rigionfSs c ientCiofiscm ology Law 47
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTERS
TheA stronoofAm nyc iGernete ce 3G alialnetdoh Nee wA strono5m0y
1.1T heM otioonfSs t ars, Suns,5 .a1nT dh eL ifoefG alil5e0o
Plane3t s 5.2T heTe lescEovpiidce fnoctreh se
1.2P latPor'osb l5e m CopernSiycsatne5 m2
1.3T hAe ristoStyesltie6am n 5.3T owaradP hysicaflot rhB ea sis
1.4H owB iIgst h Eea r?t h8 HeliocSeynsttrei5mc4
1.5T heH eliocTehnetorri1yc0 5.4S cieanncFder eedo5m8
1.6M odified Geocent1r1i c Theories
1.7T heS uccoefts hsPe t olemaic
Syste1m4 PARTB
TheS tudoyfM otion
CHAPTER2
CoprenciuHse'l iocTehnetorri1yc7 CHAPTER6
Mathemaatnitdch Dsee scription
2.1E uroRpeeb or1n7
ofM otio6n3
2.2T heC opernSiycsatne1 m7
2.3B ractihnSegy ste2m2 6.1R enDee stceasr6 3
2.4T heO ppotsiionC otpoe rnicus'6s. 2C onstVaelnotc i6t5y
Theor2y3 6.3T heC oncoefpA tv erSapgeee 6d7
2.5H istCoornisce que2n5c es 6.4I nstantSapneeeo6du8 s
6.5A cceler7a0t ion
CHAPTER3
6.6O resmGer'asp hPircoaoolftf h e
Ont hNea tuorfSe c ienTthiefiocr2 y7
Mean-sTpheeeodr e7m2
3.1T heP urpoofTs eh eor2ie7s 6.7E quatoifMo ontsi foonCr o nstant
3.2T heP robolfeC mh agne: Acceler7a3t ion
Atomis3m0
CHAPTER7
3.3T heoroifVe iss i3on1
Galialnetdoh Kei nematics
3.4C ritfeorariG ao oTdh eoirny
ofF ree 7F7a ll
PhysSicciaeln 3c5e
7.1I ntrodu7c7t ion
CHAPTER4 7.2A ristoPtheylsii7ac8ns
KeplLearw'ss 40
7.3G alilTewoo 'NsS ecwi e8n0c es
4.1T heL ifoefJ ohanKneepsl e4r0 7.4G alilSetouo'dfAsy c celerated
4.2K eplFeirr'Lssat w 41 Motio8n3
viiCio tnIe nts
CHAPTE8R CHAPTE1R1
PreocjtMioltei o8n8 NewtoLna'wos f U nievrsal
Gravita1t3i1o n
8.1P rojewcittIihnl ieHt oirailz ontal
Motio8n8 11.1D erivaotfti hLoean w o fU niversal
8.2I ntrodtuocV etcitoonr9 s1 Gravita1t3i1o n
8.3T heG eneralo fPC raosjee ctile1 1.2G ravitatianngKd e Ppllaenre'tss
Motio9n3 ThiLradw 135
8.4A pplicoaftt ihLoean wos f P roject1i1l.e3T heC avenEdxipsehr iment:
Motio9n6 TheC onstoafGn rta vita1t3i6o n
8.5G aleioslC' onclus9i7o ns 1104T hMe assoefts h Eea rth,a nSdu n,
8.6S ummar9y9 Plane1t3s8
11.5S omIen flueonncN eesw ton's
Work1 39
PARTC 11.6S omCeo nsequoeftn hcLeea swo f
NewtonL'asw sa ndH isS ystem UniveGrrsaavli ta1t40i on
oft hWeo rld 11.7T heD iscoovfNe erwyP lanUestisn g
Newton's ofTG hreaovri1yt4 4y
CHAPTE9R 11.8B ode'sA nLA apwp:a rReengtu larity
Newton'so fML oatwiso 1n0 3 int hPeo sitoifto hnPesl ane1t4s6
11.9G ravainttdyh Gea lax1ie4s9
9.1S cieinnc eSt ehvee nteenth
Centu1r0y 3 11.1"0ID o N otF eiHgynp hoets"e s151
9.2A Short oSfNk eewttcohn 's 11.1N1e wtoPnl'asic nMe o dern
Lif1e 04 Scien1c5e3
9.3N ewtoPnr'si nc10i5p ia
904N ewtoFni'rss to fML oatwi o1n0 8
9.5N ewtoSne'csoL nadwo f PARTD
Motio1n0 9 StructaunrdMe e thoidn
9.6S tandoafMr ads s1 11 PhysiSccaile nce
9.7W eigh1t21
9.8T heE qual-BAarlma n1c41e
CHAPTE1R2
9.9I neratniGdar la vitMaatsiso1 n51a l
Ont hNea tuorfCe o ncep1ts5 7
9.1E0x ampalneAdsp plications
12.1I ntroductSieoanrf:co hrT he
ofN ewtoSne'csoL nadwo f
Motio1n1 6 ConstainnCc hiaensg 1e5 7
9.1N1e wtoTnh'isLr adwo fM otio1n1 8 12.2S ciencNeo nasncdi e1n5c8e
9.1E2x ampalneAdsp plicoaft ions 12.3T heL acokfa S inMgelteh o1d5 9
NewtoTnh'isr d 1La91w 1204P hysCiocnacle: Mp etassureamnedn t
Definit1i6on1
CHAPTE1R0
12.5P hysiMceaalnliyn Cgolnecsesap ntds
RotatiMoontailo1 n2 3 Statem1en63t s
10.1K inemaotfUi ncisf oCrimr cular 12.6P rimarSye caonndd ary
Motio1n2 3 Qualit1i46e s
10.2C entriApcectealle r1a2t5io n 12.7M athemaLtaiwac nadl
10.3D erivaoftt ihFoeon r mufolra Abstrac1t65i on
CentriApcectealle arnadt ion 12.8E xplana1t6i7o n
Forc1e2 7
IDA TheE artChe'nst ripetal Acceleration
anAdb sotleDu istainnc eStsoh lea r
Syste1m2 8
Conte/in xt s
CHAPTE1R3 CHAPTER 17
Ont hDeu aliatnyGd r owth TheL awo fC onsveartioofEn n erg2y1 9
ofS cien1c07e
17.1C hrisHtuiyagaenn st haen dK inetic
13.1T heF reLei ceonfCs ree ati1v07i ty Ener(giVyVs i )vC oance2p1t 9
13.2" rPivaStcei"ea nnc"de Pu bl"i c 17.2P relimQiuneasrtyTi hoePn isl:e
Scien1c71e Driv2er2 2
13.3T heN atuSrealle cotfPi hoyns ical1 7.3T heC oncoefpW to rk2 23
Concep1t27s 17.4V arioFuosr mosfE nerg2y2 4
13.4M otivat1i47o n 17.5T heC onservLaatwi:o FnFo irrms t
13.5O bejctiv1i76t y anAdp plica2t2i6on s
13.6F acatn Idn terpre1t77a tion 17.6E xtensoifto hCneos n servation
13.7H owS cieGnrcoew s1 78 Law 229
13.8C onsequoeftn hcMeeo sd el1 08 17.7H istoBraicckaglr ooftu hned
GeneraLlaiwoz fCe odn servoaft ion
EnerTghyeN: a tuorfHe e at2 34
CHAPTE1R4
17.8M ayeDri'ssc oovfEe nreyr gy
Ont hDei osvceorfy La1w8s7
Conserva2t3i9o n
14.1O pinioonSn csi entific 17.9J oulEex'pSe riomneE nntesr gy
Proced1u78r e Conserv2at4i2o n
14.2A SequeonfEc lee meinnt s 17.1G0e nelrlallu storfta htLeia owon f
FormulaotfLi aowns1s 91 ConservoafEt nieorng2 y4 5
14.3T hLei mitaotfPi hoynssLi acwa 1l59
17.1C1o nservLaatwiso na nd
14.4T heC ontoefnS tc ie:n ce Symmet2r4y7
Summar1y9 7
CHAPTE1R8
TheL awo fD issipaotfEi noenr g2y5 1
PARTE 18.1N ewtoRne'jse cotfti hoen
TheL awso fC onservation "NewtoWnoiralMnda cnhei"2 51
18.2T heP robolfet mhC eo oloiftn hge
CHAPTE1R5 Eart2h5 3
TheL awo fC onesrvatoifMo ans s2 03 18.3T heS ecoLnadwo fT hermodynamics
antdh Dei ssiioponafE t nerg2y5 6
15.1P reltuotd heCe o nserLvaawt2 io0n3
18.4E ntroptyh Heae naDdt e aht 259
15.2S teTpowsa radF ormula2t0i3o n
15.3L avoiEsxipeerr'ism Pernoto2af0l 4
15.4I sM ass RCeoanlsleeydr ?v2 06
PARTF
Origionfts h eA tomiTch eoriyn
CHAPTE1R6
TheLa wo fC osnervaotfi on PhysiacnsdC hemistry
Momentu2m0 9
CHAPTE1R9
16.1I ntrodu2c0t9io n
TheP hysoifGc ass e2s6 5
16.2D efiniotfMi oomne ntu2m1 0
19.1T heN atuorfGe a ses-Early
16.3M omentaunmd NewLtaownos'f s
Concep2t6s5
Motio2n1 2
19.2A iPrr ess2u6re7
16.4E xampIlnevso lCvoilnlgi s2i1o3n s
19.3T heG eneGraaLsl a w 270
16.5E xampIlnevso lEvxipnlgo s2io1n5s
19.4T wo GMaosd el2s72
16.6F urtEhxearm pl2e1s5
16.7D oeLsi gHhatv Meo mentu2m1? 6
16.8A nguMloamre ntu2m1 7
IC ontents
x
CHAPTER 20 22.8S pecHiefiacot fsG ase3s2 9
TheA tomTihce oorfCy h emis2t7r5y 22.9T heP robolfeI mr reversibility
20.1C hemiEclaelm eanntds int hKei neTthieco Mrayx:w ell's
Atoms2 75 Demon3 33
20.2D altMoond'esol fG ase2s7 6 22.1T0h eR ecurrPeanrcaed 3o3x 6
20.3P ropeorfDt ailetsC ohne'msi cal
Atom2 78
20.4D altsoS nym'boflosRr e presentPiARnTgG
Atoms2 79 Lighatn dE lectromagnetism
20.5T hLea wo fD efinPirtoep ort2i8o0n s
20.6D altRounl'oesfS impli2c8i1ty
CHAPTER 23
20.7T heE arAlcyh ieveomfDe anlttso n's
TheWa veT heoorfLy i gh3t4 1
Theor2y8 2
20.8G ay-LuLsaswao cfC' osm bining 23.1T heoroifRe esf racatntidh oSenp eed
VolumoefsR e actGiansge2 s8 4 ofL igh3t4 1
20.9A vogadrMood'esol f Ga2s8es5 23.2T hPe ropagoafPt eiroino dic
Waves3 44
20.1A0n E valuaotfAiv oogna dro's
Theor2y8 8 23.3T hWea vTeh eoorfYy o unagn d
Fresn3e4l7
20.1C1h emiAsftterAryvo gadro:
TheC oncoefpV tal enc2e8 9 23.4C olo3r5 0
20.1M2o lecWueliagrh t2s9 2
CHAPTER 24
Electros3t5a2t ics
CHAPTER 21
ThePe riToadbilocefE lemen2t9s6 24.1I ntrodu3c5ti2o n
24.2E lectribfiyFc raitcito3in5o 2n
21.1T heS earfcoRhre gulianrt ihLeti ys t
ofE lemen2t9s6 24.3L awo fC onservoaft ion
Charg3e5 3
21.2T heE arly PTearbiolofed ic
Elemen2t9s7 24.4A Modem Mfoodre l
Electrifi3c5a3t ion
21.3C onsequoeftn hcPeee sr iodic
Law 301 24.5I nsulaantCdoo rnsd uct3o5r4s
21.4T heM odePme riobdliec3 0T3a 24.6T heE lectro3s5co6p e
24.7C ouloLmabw'o sfE lectrostatics
357
CHAPTER 22 24.8T heE lectrFoisetla3dt5 i9c
TheK inetic-MTohleeocruyl ar 24.9L inoefFs o rc3e6 1
ofG ase3s0 8
24.1E0l ecPtortiecnD tififearle nce­
22.1I ntrodu3c0ti8o n QualitDaitsicvues 3s6i2o n
22.2S omQeu alitSautcicveoesft s hees 24.1P1o tenDtiiffaelr ence-Quantitative
KineMtoilce-cTuhleaorr 3y01 Discus3s6io3n
22.3M odeolfa G as Aasnsdu mpitni on2s4 .1U2s eosft h Ceo ncoefpPt o tent3i64a l
thKei neTthieco r3y1 1 24.1E3l ectroch3e65m istry
22.4T heD erivoatfti hPoern e ssure 24.1A4t omiocfCi htayr g3e6 6
Formu3la1 5
22.5C onsequaennVdce reisfi caotfti hoen
CHAPTER 25
KineTthieco r3y1 8
ElectromaXg-nReatyiss,m ,
22.6T heD istriobfMu otlieocnu lar
anEdl ectr3o69n s
Veloci3t2i2e s
22.7A dditiReosnuaallnt Vdser ificatio2n5s. 1I ntrodu3c6ti9o n
oft hKei neTthieco r3y2 7 25.2C urreanntMdsa gne3ts6 9
Conte/xn it s
25.3E lectromWaagvneeastn idc CHAPTE2R9
Ethe3r7 4 QuantMuemc han4i4c6s
25.4H ertEzx'pse rime3n77t s
29.1R ecastthiFeno gu ndatoifPo hnyss ics
25.5C athoRdaey s3 79 OncMeo re4 46
25.6X -raaynsdt hTeu ronft he 29.2T heW avNea tuorfMe a tte4r4 7
Centu3ry82
29.3K nowleadngdRe e aliinQt uya ntum
25.7T he" Discoovfte hrEeyl ectron" Mechani4c5s1
385
29.4S ystoefmI sd entPiacratli c4l5e6s
CHAPT2E6R CHAPT3E0R
TheQ uantTuhme oorfLy i gh3t8 8 Einstein'osfR eTlhaetoi4rv6yi2 t y
26.1C ontinEumoiusss Sipoenc t3r8a 8 30.1B iographicoafAl l bSekrett ch
26.2P lancEkm'psi rEimciasls ion Einst4ei6n2
Formul3a9 1 30.2T heF itzGerald-Lorentz
26.3T heQ uantHuymp othe3s92i s Contrac4t6io4n
26.4T heP hotoelEefcfter3cit9c 6 30.3E instFeoirnm'usl a(t1i9o0n54 )6 7
26.5E instPehiont'Toshn e or3y9 8 30.4G alilTeraanns formation
Equati4on6s8
26.6T heP hoton-DWialveem m4a0 0
30.5T heR elatoifvS iitmyu ltan4e70i ty
26.7A pplicaotfti hoPenh so ton
Concep4t0 2 30.6T heR elati(vLiosrteinct z)
TransformEaqtuiaotni 4on72s
26.8Q uantizianSt ciioenn 4c0e3
30.7C onsequaenndEc xeasm pl4e7s4
30.8T heE quivaolfeM nacsaesn d
Energ4y7 4
PARTH
30.9R elatiQvuiasnttiMucem c hani4c7s7
TheA toma ndt heU niverse
30.1T0h Gee neThreaolr oyfR elati4v8i0ty
inM oderPnh ysics
CHAPT3E1R
CHAPT2E7R TheO rigoiftn h Seo alrS ystem
Radaicotiavnitdth yNe u clAetaorm 4 09 antdh Eex pandUinnigv e4rs8e7
27.1E arRleys eaornRc ahd ioacatnidv i3t1y. 1T heN ebulHayrp othe4s8i7s
Isoto4p0e9s
31.2P laneteasniTdmi adTlah le ori4e8s9
27.2R adioactive 4H1a3l f-Life
31.3R eviovfaM lo nisTthieco ries
27.3R adioaScetriiv4ees1 5 Afte1r9 404 91
27.4R utherfNourcdl'eMsao rd el4 17 31.4N ebulaanedG alaxi4e9s4
27.5M oselXe-yR'asSy p ect4r2a2 31.5T heE xpandUinnigv er4s9e5
27.6F urtChoenrc eopfNt usc lear 31.6L emaitPrrei'mseA vtaolm 4 96
Struct4u2r4e
CHAPT3E2R
CHAPTE2R8 Construocftt hiEeol ne ments
BohrM'osd eolft hAet om4 27 antdh Uen ive4r9s9e
28.1L inEem ission S4p2e7c tra 32.1N uclePahry siintc hs1e 9 304s 99
28.2A bsorpLtiinSoepn e ct4r2a8 32.2F ormatoifto hnEe l ements in
28.3B almeFro'rsm ul4a3 2 Star5s0 3
28.4N ieBlosh arn dt hPer obloefm 32.3F issainodtn h Aet omBiocm b5 06
AtomSitcr uct4u3r4e 32.4B iBga nogrS teaSdtya t5e?0 9
28.5E nerLgeyv eilnHs y drogen 32.5D iscoovfet rhCyeo smMiicc rowave
Atoms4 35 Radiat5io1n2
28.6F urtDheevre lopm4e4nt1s 32.6B eyotnhdBe i Bga ng5 13