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SCIENCE ?RIMERS,
'diud
ij^
Professors Huxley, Roscoe,
afui
Balfour Stewart.
III.
PHYSICS.
'tttrae primers.
PHYSICS
BY
BALFOUR STEWART,
Professorof NaturalPhilosophy, the Owens College, Mamhatcr,
Authorof **ElementaryLessonsinPhysics.**
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
IK0tottt0:
JAMES CAMPBELL & SON.
-
7
-
Entered accordiuj; to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one
thousantt eight hundred and eighty-one, by Jamrs Gampbbll
AND Son, inthe officeof the Minister of Asjiculture.
PREFACE,
In publishing the Science Primers on Physics and
Chemistry, the object of the Authors has been to state
the fundamental principles of their respective sciences
in a manner suited to pupils of an early age. They
feel that the thing to be aimed at is not so much to
give information, as to endeavour to discipline the
mind in a way which has not hitherto been cus-
tomary, by bringing it into immediate contact with
Nature herself. For this purpose a series of simple
experiments has been devised, leading up to the chief
truths of each science. These experiments must be
performed by the teacher in regular order before the
class. The power of observation in the pupils will
thus be awakened and strengthened; and the amount
and accuracy of the knowledge gained must be tested
and increased by a thorough system of questioning.
The study of the Introductory Primer will, in most
cases, naturally precede that of either of the above-
named subjects; and then it will probably be found
best to take Chemistry as the second and Physics as
the third stage.
The whole of the apparatus needed for all the ex-
periments (except a few marked in the text with an
asterisk) will be supplied by Messrs. Griffin and
J. J.
Sons, 22,-Garrick Street, Covent Garden, London,
W.C., (or j£ic) 3J. 8//. exclusive of packing.
If prompt payment be made, Messrs. Griffin are
willing to supply the set for jCi'j exclusive of packing
cases, which may be either 9^. or 21s, according to
quality. Those who have already purchased the ap-
paratus for the Chemical Piimer need not purchase
another Grove's battery, and in this case they must
make theirown arrangement with Messrs, Griffin,
1 1
TABLE OF CONrENTS.
Introduction.
ART. FAG*
Definition of Physics 1 i i
„ of Motion 2 2
.
„ of Fercc 3 4
The Chief Forces of Nature.
Definition of Gravity ....... 4 7
,, of Cohesion . 5 8
„ of Chemical Attraction 6 9
Uses of these three Forces . . . , 7 10
How Gravity acts.
Centre of Gravity 8 1
'Xi\z Balance 9 13
The Three States of Matter.
General Remarks 10 14
Dehnition of Solids 1 16
„ of Liquids 12 16
,, of Gases . 13 16
Properties of Solids.
.......
General Remarks on Cohesion 14 16
Bending 15 19
Strength of Materials '6 20
. •
Friction. 17 20
Properties of Liquids.
Liquids keep their size though not their sliape 18 21
. .
They communicate pressure 19 21
Water-press explained .,.,., .,., 20 23
Liquids find their level 21 24
^
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
^\
........ ART. PACK
V/ater-level and Spirit,-level 22 25
Pressure ot deep Water 23 26
. . . . •
Buoyancy of Water 24 28
.
Flotation in Water .... 25 30
Comparative Density or Specific Gravity 26 31
Buoyancy of other Liquids 27 32
Capillarity 28 33
Properties of Gases.
, . .
Pressure of Air .............. 29 34
Weight of Air ... 30 35
Barometer explained^—Me.rc.ur.ia.l t^oluni.n .. ... 31 38
Uses of the Barometer ^ 32 40
Air-pump explained . —. 33 41
Water-pump explain.ed..lim.it's .of working; . . ,34 43
Syphon described 35 46
Moving Bodies.
...
.36
Defin,i,tion ooff EWnoerrkgy... .. .. .... •. •.".... 37 4478
Work done by a moving body 38 49
Energy in repose 59 50
Vibrating BooFis.
Sound explained 40 52
What is Noise and what Music 41 53
Sound can do work ..... 42 54
It requires a medium (Air) to carry k ..... 43 54
Its mode of moticn through the Air .44 54
Its rate of motion , . . 45 56
Echoes or reflection of Sound 46 57
How to find the number of vi.bra.tio.ns.in.on.e s.econd
coiresponding to any rvote ^ 47 59
Heated Bodies.
........
Nature of IIcat (first notice) ... 48 61
Expansion of bodies generally when heated 49 63
Thermometer described .50 65
How to make a Centigfad6. Th,ermometer . . . . 51 66
Expansion of Solids .,*.,- 52 69
„ of Liquidi ^ . - , 53 70
