Table Of ContentK.A .T sokos
Physics for the
1BD iploma
Fifth edition
K.A .T sokos
HCAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNJVEPR.iU:SSnSY
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Contents
Preface xi 2.2M otiwointc ho nstant
An otteoL hree ader xii accele-rCaotrieo n
48
Acceleration
48
ParIt C oraen AdH L 1
Measusrpienaegnd ad c celeration
54
.
Moroeng raphs
TopiPch ysaincdps h ysical 56
1:
measurement 2 2.3T hceo ncoeffp otr -cCeo re 63
Foracnetdsh ediirr ection
64
1.1T h1e; eoafpl hmy s-iCcosr e 2
Hooklea'ws
67
Ordeorfms a gniatnu1ddU en its
2
Fundameinnttaelr actions 5 2.4N ewtofni'rlssa -twC ore 69
Newtofni'rlssa tw
1.2U ncertaainnedtr ire-oCsro sr e 69
8
Equilibrium
Erroofmr esa surement 70
8
Signifdiicgaintst 11 2.5N ewtosne'csoa nndd
Linoefb esfti r thilradw- Cso re
12 76
Newtosne'csol nadw 77
1.3M athemaatnigdcr aalp hical
11i1nec lpilnaende
techni-Cqourees 14 82
Newtotnh'iJsra dw
Multiplcihcaantgievse 83
14
Straigghrta-plhisn e 15 Linemaorm ent-uCmo re
2.6 87
Gettail nign geraarp h Thceo ncoefmp otm entum
16 87
Interpgrreatpihnsg Impulse
17 89
SinCel lNeS Thlea owfc onserovfa tion
18
Makiansgs umptions momentum 91
18
Prooofmf o mentcuomn servation
Vectaonrdss c al-Caorrse 93
1.4 21
Twoi-clm ensicoonlalli sions 95
Vectors
21
Multiploifacv aetci·toboanysr c ala2r2 2.7W orekn.e ragnypd ow-eCro re 99
Additoifvo enc tors 22 Wordko nbeya f orce 99
Subtraocfvt eicotno rs 24 Gravitpaottieonnetanilea rlg y 102
Compotnosef anv ector 25 Thweo rk-keinneertrgieycl atio1n0 3
1.5Gr aphaincaallay nsdi s Conservaotfe inoenr gy 104
uncerta-Cionrtei es 31 Frictfioorncaels 107
Logariftwh1mcitci ons 31 Power 108
Propagoafet riroonr s Kineetniecra gnymd o mennim 110
33
Thper obolfel me atsiem e
112
Top2i:Mc e chanics 38
Circmuoltair- oCno re 119
2.8
Kinemcaotnicce- Cpotrse Circmuoltairao nncd e ntripetal
2.1 38
Displacaenmvdee nlto city acceleration 119
38
Framoefrs e ference Centrifpoertcaels
42 122
Grapfhousrn jfmoortmi on 44 Angumloamre nrum 123
ivC ontents
2.9T hlea owfg ravit-Caotrieo n 127 4.2T ravellicnhga-rwaacvt-eeC roirse2t 1i6cs
Newtolnao'wsfg ravitation1 27 Whaitas w ave? 216
Gravitaftiiesoltndra eln gth 129 Transvelrosneg iatnwudad viensa2 l1 7
Wavpeu lses 218
2.1P0r ojemcottii-loAenH L 132
Travelling waves 218
Parabmooltiico n 132
Wavefronts 224
Launactah na rbitarnagrlye 134
Effoefac itrr e sisftoarnccees 138 4.3W avpeh enomIer:ne afl ection and
refra-cCtoiroen
2.1M1o tiionang ravitafitei-lAodHn La1 l4 2 228
TIp1rei ncoifspu lpee rpositi2o2n8
Gravitpaottieonnetanilea rlg y 143
Refleacntrdie ofrna cotfwi aovne s2 31
Escavpeel ocity 145
Huygepnrsi'n ciple 234
Orbimtoatli on 146
Equipotenlial surf1a4c9e s Wavpeh enomIe.dnIia:ff racatnido n
4.4
Thbei nasrtya r system 151 interf-eCroernec e 238
Diffraction 238
Top3iT:ch ermal proofmp aetrtt1ei5r8e s Interference 240
3.1T hermcaoln ce-Cpotrse 158 4.5T hDe oppler- AeHfLf e/c t
Temperature 158 SLO ptiAo n 244
Heaatse nergy 159 ThDeo ppelfefre ct 244
11a1teo mic omfmo adtetle r 160
4.6S tandwianvg-eA sH LS/LO ptiAo n2 51
3.2T hermparlo pe-rCtoirees 163 Standwianvge ss tornia nngtdsu be2s5 1
Spechiefacitac p acity 163 Resonaanntdch ese p eoefsd o und2 55
Chanogfse t ate 165
4.7D iffra-AcHt!/iS. oLOn p tiAo n 259
Measusrpiencghi efaitcs 167
Diffraction 259
Evaporation 168
Singldei-fsflriatc tion 261
Thkei netthiecoo rfgy a ses 169
Resol-uAtHi/LoS nLO ptiAo n 267
3.3I deal -AgHaLs es 174 4.8
·nR1ea ylcerigiht erion 267
Pressure 174
ThBeo yle-Mlaarwi otte 175 4.9P olari-zAaHt!/iS. oLO n p tiAo n 271
Thveo lume-temllpaewr atu1r7e6 Whaitps olarization? 271
Thper essure-tleamwp era1t7u7r e Ma.lluasw' s 272
Theeq uatoifso tna te 178 Polarainzaden rasl ysers 273
Polaribzyra etfiloenc tion 274
Thermody-nAaHmLi cs 183
3.4
Optiaccatli vity 275
Inteernnaelr gy 183
Practical oafp plications
Wordko noeno rb yag as 185
polarization 276
·mfier sltao wft hermodynam1i8c7s
Thsee colnadowf t hermodyna1m8i8c s
Moroent hsee colnadw 192 Top5i:c Elecatnrmdia cginteyt is2m8 0
5.1E lecdt1rair-cgC eo re
280
Top4i:Oc s cillaantwdia ovness 195 Propeorfet lieecsct htaircg e 280
Coulolmabfw'o str h eeJ ecftotricc2e 8 5
4.1S imphlaer momnoitci -oCno re 195
Oscillations 195 5.2E lecfiterlaidnc ed l ectric
Kinemoafst iimcpshl aer momnoitci o1n9 6 poten-tCoirael 289
Enerignsy i mphlaer momnoitci on2 04 Elecftireilcd 289
Damping 207 Elecptortiecn tial 292
Forcoesdc illaantrdie osnosn anc2e0 8 Theel ectronvolt 295
Contevn ts
Elecfiterlaidcn e dl ectric ThReu thermfoodreodflt la1teo m
5.3 369
poten-tAiHaLl ThBeo hmro del
299 369
Elecfai·eilcd s Nudesatrr ucture
299 370
Elecptortiecna tnieda nle rgy Thfeo rwcietsh tilnn1u ec leus
300 371
Equipotseunrtfiaacle s
304 Radioac-Ctoirvei ty
6.2 373
11c1oen necbteitownee leenc tric
Thnea tuorfae l phbae,ta an d
potenatniedal le cftireilcd
305 ga.mmar adiations
373
Similabreitwteieeelnse ctricity
Radioadcetceiaqvyue a tions
376
angdr avitation
306 11J1aeow fr adioadcetciavye
377
Eleccturrircae nnedtl ectric
5.4 Nuclreeaarc t-iCoonrse
6.3 380
resis-tCaonrcee
310 Thuen ifmiaesudsn it
380
Eleccturrirce nt
310 Thmea sdse faencbdti ndeinnegr gy
381
Elecrtersiics tance
312 Nuclreeaarc tions
384
Elecptorwiecr
314 Nuclfiesasri on
385
Nuclfuesairo n
5.5E lecctirricc-u Ciotrse 318 385
Emf• Interaocfmt aitotnwesir t b
318 6.4
Simpellee cctirriccw ts 320 ener-AgHLy /S IO.p tiBo n 389
Amm etearnsvd o trnle ters 325 Thpeh otoeleefcftecrti c 389
Sensboarssoe ndt lp1oet ential DeB rogwlaivee'lse ngth
394
divider
327 Quanttulm1 eaonrtdyb u en certainty
6.5
Magneftiiec-lC dosr e princ-iApHLl/Se IO .p tiBo n
5.6 336 398
Magneftiiecl d Atomsipce ctra
336 398
Thmea gneftoiroccn ae c urrent Ti·leet ecitnar b oonxm· o del
338 399
TIm1aeg nefotricocen a TIS1cel u-otdhienogreyr
400
movicnhga rge '!Hbeei senubencregr tpariinnryc iple
339 402
0rstdeids'cso very
341 Nuclrp ehays-iAcHsL/S IO.p tiBo n
6.6 407
Thfeo rbceet wteweon
Scatgte exrpienriamneddni tsst ance
current-wciarrersy ing
343 ofc losaepsptr oach
407
5.7E lectromiangdnuect-tAFTI.ii co n 350 Tbmea sssp ectrometer 408
Aw irmeo viinnag m agneftiiecl d3 50 Betdae caanytd h 1e1 terui no 409
Faradlaayw' s 351 Nucleenaerrl gye vels 410
lenlza·ws 354 11r1aed ioadcetcliaavywe 411
Faraddaiys·cs
356
TopicE nerpgyo,w earn dc limate
7:
5.8A lterncautrirn-eAgnH tL 360 cbange 415
ThAeC g enerator
360
Enerdgeyg radaantpdio owne r
PowieniA ·Cc ircuits 7.1
361
genernt-Cioorue
Thter ansformer 415
363
Degradaotfei noenr gy
Transfoarnmpdeo rwse r 415
Elecapircoidtuyc tion
transmission 417
365
Enersgoyu rces
417
FosIfs uie ls
TopicA tomaincdn uclpeahry sics 418
6: 367 Nuclpeoawre r
420
Thaet oamn idt nsu cl-eCuosr e Solpaorw er
6.1 367 423
Thdei scoovfte lrnlyue c laetaorm Hydroelpeocwterri c
367 425
Consequoeftn hcReeu st herford Winpdo wer
427
(G.,ig.,re-xMpaercsidmeenn)t Wavpeo wer
368 428
viCo ntents
'lg1r1ee enheofufsaeenc dgt l obal AS Resol-uStLi on 481
72
warm-iCnogr e 434
A6 Polari-zSaLt ion 481
Thbel ackl-abwo dy 434
SLO ptiBo nQ- uantpuhmy sics
Solraard iation 436
Thger eenheoffuescet 438 81 Quantpuhmy s-iScLs 482
Globwaalr ming 444
82 Nuclpehayrs -iScLs 482
Selae vel 447
Effeocfgt lso wbaalr mionncg l ima4t4e8
SLO ptiCo nD- igitteaclh nology
Top8i:cD igitteaclh nology Cl Analoagnuddei gital
sign-aSlLs 483
8.1A naloagnuddej gital- AsHi/Lg nals
SLO ptiCo Sn/La nHdL O ptiFo n4 54 C2 Datcaa ptaunridem aguisnig ng
Binanruym bers 454 CCDs-SL 483
Analogudei gaisntidag ln :als 455
C3 mectroSrLu cs - 484
Compadcits ks 458
C4 Thmeo bile spyhsot-neSemL 484
Othsetro rdaegvei ces 459
Advantoafdg iegsis ttaolr age 461
SLO ptiDo- nR elatainvdpi atryt icle
Digiitmaalg iwnitgch h arge-coupled
82 physics
devi-cAeHsL/S LO ptiCo n 463
D1 Introdtuocrt eiloant- iSvLi ty 485
Capacitance 463
'!cbhea rge-dceovuipclee d 464 D2 Conceapntpdso stuolfas pteecsi al
CCDi n1acghianrga cterist4i6c6s relatyt iS-vLi 485
MediucsaeolsfC CDs 467
03 Relatkiivniesmtia-cSti Lc s 485
PartI OIp tions 471 D4 Partiacnlde si nte-rSaLc tio4n8s6
TIc1oen toefn tO ptio(nesx cAe-pDt
Quar-kSsL 486
OS
OptioAnli )is d entitchaailtnt hteo
appropcrhiaapittnete hrCe o raen d
SLa ndH LO ptiEo nA- sotprhysics
AHL matteowr hiiatclhh.re e adiesr'
Introdutcott ihoen ur-uSvLe rse
refer(rdeedt aarigeJi svi entn h tee xt). El
an1-{Ld 487
Thseo lsayrs tem 487
SLO ptio-nS iAg ahntdw avpeh enomena
Beyotnhdse o lsayrs tem 489
Al Theey aen sd ig-hStL 472
Thmeo tiooftn h set ars 491
Thset rucotftu hrheue m aeny e 472
Depotfhv ision 473 E2 Stelrlaadri a-tSiLao unHd L 494
Accommodation 474 Theen ersgoyu rocfse t ars 494
Scotopic avnids ipohno to4p7i4c Luminosity 495
Colour 475 Blackr-abdoidayt ion 496
Colobulri ndness 476 Stelslpaerc tra 498
Coloaudrd ition 476 ThHee rtzsprundgi-aRgursasm4e 9U9
Colosuurb traction 477 Typoefs stars 500
Perceopftc ioolnoa wnl·d i ght 478
E3 Stelolbajre- cStLas n HdL 506
A2 ThDeo ppelfefr-e ScLt 480 TIp1aer amleltahxo d 506
Absolaunatdpe p armeangtn itud5e0s7
A3 Standwianv-geS sL 480
Spectroscopic para5l1l0a x
A4 Diffrac-tSiLo n 480 ThCee pheids 511
Contents vii
E4 Cosmo-lSoLga ynHdL 514 F4 Channoefcl osm munic-aStLi on
Olbeprasr'a dox 514 anHdL 574
Theex panudniinvge rse 516 Coppweirr es 574
The Big cBraenagoti:fo s npt ahcee Wirpea irs 575
antdi me 517 Coaxciaabll es 575
TId1eev eloopftm heuenn ti vers5e1 7 Optfiicb res 575
Radwiaov es 576
ES Stellar -eEvxotleuntHsiLio onn 5 21
Microtwraavnes mtihsrsoiu.gohn
Nucleosynthesis 521
fresep ace 577
Evolutpiaotnahansrsd yt ellar
Sateclolniltmeu nication5s7 8
processes 525
Pulsaanrqdsu asars 529 F5 Electr-EoxntiecnsHs Li on 584
Thoep erataimopnlai(lfo ipe-ra m5p8)4
E6 Ga.l-aExxiteesn HsLi on 533
Thneo n-inverting am5p8l8i fier
Typoefgs a laxy 533
.Reshdaipgiipntugal l-st ehse
Galamcottiico n 536
Schmtirtitg ger 590
Hubbllea'ws 537
TIe1veo luotfti hoen F6 Thmeo biplheo ne
universe 539 syst-eEmx tenHsLi on 596
SLa ndH LO ptiFo-nC ommunicationSsL a ndH LO ptiGo -nE lectromagnetic
waves
F1 Radcioom munic-SaLt ion
anHdL 544 Gl Lig-hStLa nHdL 598
Modulation 544 Thsep eoefld i ght 598
Amplimtoudduel a(tAiMo)n 546 Electromwaagvneest ic 599
Frequmeondcuyl a(tFiMo)n 548 PropeorfEt Miw easv es 601
1blea ser
CompaAMr ainnFMdg 603
550
ThAeM r adrieoc eiver 550
G2 Optiicnaslt ru-mSeLn taHsnL d 607
F2 Analoagnuddei gital SsLi gnals -Lenses 607
anHdL 554 Optiicnaslt ruments 617
Binanruym bers 554 Lenasb el"l'lltions 620
Analoagnuddei gital sign5a5l4s
G3 Interfaenrddei nffrcaec t-ion
Birta otfead igistiagln al 554
ExtenHsLi on 624
Thter ansmainsrdse icoenp otfi on
Two-soiunrtceer ference 624
digistiagln als 557
Yountgw'os- esxlpietr iment 626
Timdei vimsuilotni plexing5 58
Intenisnti wtoy-i snltietr fere6n2c8e
Thaed vantadgiegsi toafl
Multipdlief-fsrlaictt ion 629
communication 558
Thdei ffragcrtaitoinn g 631
P3 Optfiicb re transmission - SL
G4 X-r-ayEsx tension l{L6 34
anHdL 562
TIp1reo ducotfXi -orna ys 634
Totianlt errneafll ection 562
X-rdaiyf fraction 635
Optificbarle s 564
Dispersion 565 GS Thin-ifnitlemr f-eErxetnecnes ion
Attenuation 567 HL 640
Detection 569 Paraflillemls 640
Noise 570 Thianiw re dges 641
Regeneration 571 Measus1m·aidlnilgs tances 642
viCioin tents
HIO.p tiHo nS- pecainadl Radiaitnmi eodni c-RiLn e 712
13
genecrealla tivity Bioloegfifceoacfrlt a sd iation
anddo simetry
712
Al The prionfsc piepcliea l
Radiatthieorna py
716
relat-iHvli ty 644
Framoefrs e ference
645 J-
HLO ptionP at·tpihdyes ics
Tosep eoefld i ght 647
Thper incoifsp pleecr iea'lla tiv6i4c8y Jl Pairctlaensid n tera-cHtli ons7 18
Partaincadln eptsai r ticles
H2 Theef feocfst pse criealla t-iHvLi ty 718
652
TIe1lee menptaarrtyi cles
Timdei lation 719
652
Quantnuumm bers
Length contraction 720
657
Antiparticles
Additoifvo enl ocities 720
659
Spin
721
Consequoefan ncedev si dence for ThHee isenubnecregr tainty
H3
specriealla tHivLi ty - princfiotpril meae n edn ergy
663 722
Relatievniesrtgiyc Virtpuaarlt icles
663 723
Evid6fIoslrpc eecr iealla tivity Interaacntedix ocnhsap nagret icles
666 723
TIM1iec helsone-xMpoerrliemye nt Feynmdaina grams
667 725
The conosftt hasenp ceyoe fd Threa nge ionft earna ction
728
Light
669 Detecatnoadrc sc ele-rHaLt ors
J2 731
H4 Relativisti-cH Im.e cha6n7i1c s 11n1eee fodrh igehn ergies 731
Momennainrned n ergy Resolution 732
(momenergy) 671 Accelerators 733
Ap oianbto ut units 673 Synchrroatdrioant ion 738
Afr eeel ecctatnonnao bts orb Availeanbelreg y 738
(oerm iatp )h oton 674 Detectors 740
Quaraknsld e pt-oHnls
HS Generrealla t-iHvLi ty 677 J3 746
Thper incoifep qluei valence Hadr-obnasr yaonnmdse sons 746
677
'Itbees otfgs e nerrealla tivit6y8 0 Barynounm ber 748
Strangeness
Thset rucoUftI hJ"teeh eory 748
682
Thsep ionfh adrons
Blahcokl es 683 749
Colour
Timdei laitngie onnel r•a 749
Gluons
relativity 750
685
Confinement
751
Thien terabcettiwnoeunec nl eons
HLO ptiIo- nB iomedpihcyasli cs 752
Quarlkesp.t aonntdsh set andard
11 Thfeu nctiooftn hien g-el:fL a r 690 model 752
TIe1ae1 · 690 Leptnounm ber 753
Intenosfi tys ound 693 ThHei gpgasr ticle 753
Heardienfge cts 697
J4 Experimeevnitdaeflno cre
Medilic maa.g-iHnLg thset andmaordde-H lL
12 700 758
Propeorfrt aideisa tion Gell-·Mpsar nend iocftt hieo n
700
X-riamya ging omega-minus
702 758
Othiemra gLiencgl miques Thdei reevcitd efonqrcu ea rks
705 758
Ultrasound A�ymptotic freedom
707 761
z•
Diagnuossetiscr aodfi oactive Thdei scoovfte hreya nd
sources neutctuarlr ents
709 761
Contie�n ts
JS Cosmolaongysd t ri-nHgLs 3 Astronodmaitcaa l 780
764
n1Beo ltzmeaqnuna tion
764 4 Somiem pormtaatnhte matical
Mattaenrad n timatre.r
765 results 781
Strings
766
5 Nobperli wzien nienrp sh ysics 782
Physainctdsh teh eoorfy
Answetroqs u estions 788
knowle(dTgO-eK)S La nHdL 770
Glossoafsr eyl etcetremds 819
Appendices
1 Physciocnaslt ants Index
777 832
2 Massoefes l emeanntds
seleicstoetdo pes
778
