Physics Asia-Pacific Volume 1

744 Pages·1970·38.92 MB·english

by  Raymond A. Serway

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Some physical constants
Quantity Symbol Valuea
Atomic mass unit u 1.660 538 782 (83) 3 10–27 kg
931.494 028 (23) MeV/c2
Avogadro’s number NNN 6.022 141 79 (30) 3 1023 particles/mol
AA
Bohr magneton (cid:31)B52em 9.274 009 15 (23) 3 10–24 J/T
e
2
Bohr radius a 5 5.291 772 085 9 (36) 3 10–11 m
0 me2k
e e
Boltzmann’s constant kB5NR 1.380 650 4 (24) 3 10–23 J/K
A
Compton wavelength (cid:30)C5mhc 2.426 310 217 5 (33) 3 10–12 m
e
Coulomb constant ke 5 4(cid:29)1e 8.987 551 788 . . . 3 109 N•m2/C2 (exact)
0
Deuteron mass m 3.343 583 20 (17) 3 10–27 kg
d
2.013 553 212 724 (78) u
Electron mass m 9.109 382 15 (45) 3 10–31 kg
e
5.485 799 094 3 (23) 3 10–4 u
0.510 998 910 (13) MeV/c2
Electron volt eV 1.602 176 487 (40) 3 10–19 J
Elementary charge e 1.602 176 487 (40) 3 10–19 C
Gas constant R 8.314 472 (15) J/mol•K
Gravitational constant G 6.674 28 (67) 3 10–11 N•m2/kg2
Neutron mass m 1.674 927 211 (84) 3 10–27 kg
n
1.008 664 915 97 (43) u
939.565 346 (23) MeV/c2
Nuclear magneton (cid:31)n52em 5.050 783 24 (13) 3 10–27 J/T
p
Permeability of free space m 4p3 10–7 T•m/A (exact)
0
Permittivity of free space e0 5(cid:31)1c2 8.854 187 817 . . . 3 10–12 C2/N•m2 (exact)
0
Planck’s constant h 6.626 068 96 (33) 3 10–34 J•s
5 h 1.054 571 628 (53) 3 10–34 J•s
2(cid:29)
Proton mass m 1.672 621 637 (83) 3 10–27 kg
p
1.007 276 466 77 (10) u
938.272 013 (23) MeV/c2
Rydberg constant R 1.097 373 156 852 7 (73) 3 107 m–1
H
Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 3108 m/s (exact)
Note: These constants are the values recommended in 2006 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from different
measurements. For a more complete list, see P. J. Mohr, B. N. Taylor, and D. B. Newell, CODATA Recommended Values of the
Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80(2), 633–730, 2008.
aThe numbers in parentheses for the values represent the uncertainties of the last two digits.
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Solar system data
Mean distance from
Body Mass (kg) Mean radius (m) Period (s) the Sun (m)
Mercury 3.30 3 1023 2.44 3 106 7.60 3 106 5.79 3 1010
Venus 4.87 3 1024 6.05 3 106 1.94 3 107 1.08 3 1011
Earth 5.97 3 1024 6.37 3 106 3.156 3 107 1.496 3 1011
Mars 6.42 3 1023 3.39 3 106 5.94 3 107 2.28 3 1011
Jupiter 1.90 3 1027 6.99 3 107 3.74 3 108 7.78 3 1011
Saturn 5.68 3 1026 5.82 3 107 9.29 3 108 1.43 3 1012
Uranus 8.68 3 1025 2.54 3 107 2.65 3 109 2.87 3 1012
Neptune 1.02 3 1026 2.46 3 107 5.18 3 109 4.50 3 1012
Plutoa 1.25 3 1022 1.20 3 106 7.82 3 109 5.91 3 1012
Moon 7.35 3 1022 1.74 3 106 — —
Sun 1.989 3 1030 6.96 3 108 — —
aIn August 2006, the International Astronomical Union adopted a definition of a planet that separates Pluto from the other eight
planets. Pluto is now defined as a ‘dwarf planet’ (like the asteroid Ceres).
Physical data often used
Average Earth–Moon distance 3.84 3 108 m
Average Earth–Sun distance 1.496 3 1011 m
Average radius of the Earth 6.37 3 106 m
Density of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m3
Density of air (0°C and 1 atm) 1.29 kg/m3
Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 3 103 kg/m3
Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s2
Mass of the Earth 5.97 3 1024 kg
Mass of the Moon 7.35 3 1022 kg
Mass of the Sun 1.99 3 1030 kg
Standard atmospheric pressure 1.013 3 105 Pa
Note: These values are the ones used in the text.
Some prefixes for powers of ten
Power Prefix Abbreviation Power Prefix Abbreviation
10–24 yocto y 101 deka da
10–21 zepto z 102 hecto h
10–18 atto a 103 kilo k
10–15 femto f 106 mega M
10–12 pico p 109 giga G
10–9 nano n 1012 tera T
10–6 micro m 1015 peta P
10–3 milli M 1018 exa E
10–2 centi c 1021 zetta Z
10–1 deci d 1024 yotta Y
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
S E R WAY J E W E T T W I L S O N W I L S O N R O W L A N D S
F O R G L O B A L S C I E N T I S T S
A N D E N G I N E E R S
V O L U M E 1
2ND EDITION
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300
© 2017 Cengage Learning Australia Pty Limited
Physics for global scientists and engineers,Volume 1
2nd Edition Copyright Notice
Raymond A Serway This Work is copyright. No part of this Work may be reproduced, stored in a
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First local edition published in 2013 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
[Adapted from Physics for scientists and engineers (8th edition), by Raymond Creator: Serway, Raymond A., author.
A Serway and John W Jewitt, Jr, published by Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Title: Physics for global scientists and engineers. Volume 1 / Raymond A
2010] Serway ; John W Jewitt; Kate Wilson; Anna Wilson; Wayne Rowlands.
Edition: 2nd edition.
Second edition published in 2017 ISBN: 9780170355513 (paperback)
[Adapted from Physics for scientists and engineers (9th edition), by Raymond Notes: Includes index.
A Serway and John W Jewitt, Jr, published by Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Subjects: Physics--Textbooks. Physics--Study and teaching.
2014] Other Creators/Contributors: Jewett, John W., author. Wilson, Kate, author.
Wilson, Anna, author. Rowlands, Wayne, author.
Dewey Number: 530
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Brief contents
Volume 1 VVVooollluuummmeee 222
PART 1 Mechanics 01 PPAARRTT 55 EElleeccttrriicciittyy aanndd mmaaggnneettiissmm 666677
1 Physics and measurement 02 2233 EElleeccttrriicc fifieellddss 666688
2 Motion in one dimension 20 2244 GGaauussss’’ss llaaww 669944
3 Motion in two dimensions 53 2255 EElleeccttrriicc ppootteennttiiaall 771133
4 Forces and Newton’s laws 83 2266 EEnneerrggyy aanndd ccaappaacciittaannccee 773388
5 Further applications of Newton’s laws 120 2277 CCuurrrreenntt aanndd rreessiissttaannccee 776600
Case study 1 Dragging sheep: an Ig Nobel winner, CCaassee ssttuuddyy 66 BBSSCCCCOO:: aa hhiigghh--tteemmppeerraattuurree
useful physics and easier workplaces 153 ssuuppeerrccoonndduuccttoorr wwiitthh llooccaall rroooottss 778811
6 Work, force and energy 155 2288 DDiirreecctt--ccuurrrreenntt cciirrccuuiittss 778833
7 Conservation of energy 182 2299 MMaaggnneettiicc fifieellddss 881155
8 Linear momentum and collisions 213 3300 MMaaggnneettiicc ffoorrcceess 884433
9 Rotational motion 248 3311 FFaarraaddaayy’’ss llaaww 887744
10 Energy and momentum in rotating systems 289 3322 IInndduuccttaannccee 990000
11 Gravity 323 3333 AAlltteerrnnaattiinngg--ccuurrrreenntt cciirrccuuiittss 992266
12 Special relativity 349 3344 EElleeccttrroommaaggnneettiicc wwaavveess 995500
Case study 2 Geodesy and gravity can tell CCaassee ssttuuddyy 77 AAcccceelleerraattoorr mmaassss ssppeeccttrroommeettrryy 997711
us about our changing planet 377
PPAARRTT 66 LLiigghhtt aanndd ooppttiiccss 997733
PART 2 Mechanical properties of
solids and fluids 379 3355 TThhee nnaattuurree ooff lliigghhtt aanndd tthhee pprriinncciipplleess
ooff rraayy ooppttiiccss 997744
13 Fluid statics 380 3366 IImmaaggee ffoorrmmaattiioonn 999988
Case study 3 Measuring time by understanding 3377 WWaavvee ooppttiiccss 11003366
fluids 405
3388 DDiiffffrraaccttiioonn ppaatttteerrnnss aanndd ppoollaarriissaattiioonn 11005599
14 Fluid dynamics 407
CCaassee ssttuuddyy 88 FFiibbrree ooppttiiccss aanndd tthhee hhuummaann bbooddyy 11008855
15 Solids 434
PPAARRTT 77 QQuuaannttuumm pphhyyssiiccss 11008877
PART 3 Oscillations and
3399 QQuuaannttiissaattiioonn aanndd wwaavvee--ppaarrttiiccllee dduuaalliittyy 11008888
mechanical waves 463
4400 IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo qquuaannttuumm mmeecchhaanniiccss 11111111
16 Oscillatory motion 464
4411 AAttoommiicc pphhyyssiiccss 11113388
17 Wave motion 495
4422 QQuuaannttuumm pphhyyssiiccss ooff mmoolleeccuulleess aanndd ssoolliiddss 11116688
18 Superposition and interference 530
4433 NNuucclleeii aanndd rraaddiiooaaccttiivviittyy 11220000
Case study 4 The alphorn 559
4444 PPaarrttiiccllee pphhyyssiiccss 11224422
CCaassee ssttuuddyy 99 TThhee ddiissccoovveerryy ooff tthhee HHiiggggss bboossoonn 11226688
PART 4 Thermodynamics 561
19 Heat and temperature 562 AAppppeennddiicceess AA--11
20 Energy transfer processes and
thermodynamics 588 AA SSII UUnniittss AA--11
BB MMaatthheemmaattiiccss RReevviieeww BB--11
21 The kinetic theory of gases 612
CC TTaabblleess ooff ddaattaa CC--11
22 The second law of thermodynamics, heat engines
AAnnsswweerrss ttoo QQuuiicckk QQuuiizzzzeess AANNSS--11
and entropy 635
AAnnsswweerrss ttoo oodddd--nnuummbbeerreedd pprroobblleemmss AANNSS--44
Case study 5 Remote sensing the atmosphere 664
IInnddeexx II--11
v
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Contents
Volume 1
Preface ix 3.5 Analysis model: particle in uniform
About the authors xii circular motion 68
Acknowledgements xiv 3.6 Non-uniform circular motion:
To the student xvi Tangential and radial acceleration 71
Guide to the text xviii 3.7 Relative velocity and relative acceleration 74
Guide to the online resources xxii 4 Forces and Newton’s laws 83
4.1 The concept of force 84
Part I 4.2 Newton’s first law and inertial frames 85
Mechanics 01 4.3 Mass 86
4.4 The gravitational force and weight 87
4.5 Newton’s second law 90
1 Physics and measurement 2
4.6 Newton’s third law 94
1.1 Models and theories 3
4.7 Analysis models using Newton’s laws 99
1.2 Standards of length, mass and time 5
1.3 Dimensional analysis 8 4.8 Motion in accelerating reference frames 109
1.4 Conversion of units 10 5 Further applications of Newton’s laws 120
1.5 Estimates and order-of-magnitude 5.1 Friction between solid surfaces 121
calculations 10 5.2 Resistive forces in fluids 128
1.6 Uncertainties in measurement 12 5.3 Uniform circular motion revisited 135
1.7 Significant figures 14 5.4 Non-uniform circular motion 142
Case study 1 Dragging sheep: an Ig
2 Motion in one dimension 20
Nobel winner, useful physics and
2.1 Position, velocity and speed 21 easier workplaces 153
2.2 Instantaneous velocity and speed 24 6 Work, force and energy 155
2.3 Analysis model: particle 6.1 Systems and environments 156
with constant velocity 27 6.2 Work done by a constant force 156
2.4 Acceleration 30 6.3 Work done by a varying force 160
2.5 Motion diagrams 33 6.4 Kinetic energy and the work–
2.6 Analysis model: particle kinetic energy theorem 165
with constant acceleration 34 6.5 Potential energy of a system 168
2.7 Freely falling objects 39 6.6 Energy diagrams and equilibrium of
2.8 Kinematic equations derived a system 171
from calculus 42 6.7 Power 174
3 Motion in two dimensions 53 7 Conservation of energy 182
3.1 Vectors, scalars and coordinate systems 54 7.1 Energy is conserved 183
3.2 The position, velocity and acceleration 7.2 Analysis models: isolated
vectors 58 and non-isolated systems 184
3.3 Two-dimensional motion with 7.3 Conservative and non-conservative
constant acceleration 60 forces 188
3.4 Projectile motion 63 7.4 Energy bar charts 200
vi
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