Table Of ContentPhysics and Mechanics of Ice
International Union of Theoretical
and Applied Mechanics
Physics and Mechanics
of Ice
Symposium Copenhagen, August 6 -10, 1979
Technical University of Denmark
Editor Per Tryde
With 159 Figures
Springer -Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1980
Assoc. Professor PER TRYDE
Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering
Technical University of Denmark
DK-2800 Lyngby
ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-81436-5
001 : 10.1007/978-3-642-81434-1 e-ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-81434-1
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Preface
In the programme of the symposium was written:
"The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Me
chanics has taken the initiative to organize the sympo
sium. As the name of IUTAM implies, the organization
brings forward achievements within the field of theore
tical mechanics for application in science and engineer
ing.
According to the rules of IUTAM that only invited persons
can attend, all lecturers and participants have been ap
pOinted by the members of the scientific committee. To
facilitate contact among the attending persons, it has
been decided to restrict the total number to 85 persons
including the lecturers. Only one session is planned,
making it possible for everybody to attend all lectures.
Most scientists and engineers have realized that the
knowledge attained by extensive basic research is essen
tial in order to solve technological problems. In the
process of acquiring this knowledge we often fail to un
derstand that scientific progress is only achieved by two
main principles: (1) By studying the scientific litera
ture and applying or improving the theories in order to
predict behaviour and forces correctly, or (2) by re
jecting existing theories and developing new ways to
cope with the problem, resulting in a more differenti
ated and, hopefully, more exact theory.
Ice seems to be a simple material, but it is in fact so
complex and strange that it is only in the latest dec
ades that we have come to know some of the natural laws
governing its behaviour.
This symposium is one of the steps towards a better un
derstanding of the problems of ice".
The 25 papers presented at the symposium have now been
compiled in the present volume. The editQr has read
VI
through the papers and corrected obvious errors both in
orthography and syntax, but it has not been within my
scope to rewrite any part of the papers. All theories and
formulae presented by the authors are not in any way
checked or evaluated by the editor. The editor has
worked out a short resume of the discussions following
the presentation of the papers, partly based on notes
made during the discussion and partly derived from a re
cording made on magnetic tape throughout the discussion
part of the symposium.
As editor I wish to thank all the authors for their expert
contributions both in the written and verbal presentation
and their willingness to participate in the discussions.
I also wish to thank the International Union of Theore
tical and Applied Mechanics and its president professor
F. Niordsson for the initiative in arranging the symposium
and for the assistance offered to me during the planning.
At the Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engi
neering I wish to thank the professors H. Lundgren and
F.A. Engelund for their continued encouragement to do ice
research at the institute.
Finally I wish to thank the committee members for their
valuable contribution in proposing and selecting the au
thors and the participants and in assisting me to make
the final selection of topics to be presented.
For the professional assistance offered me by the staff
of the Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineer
ing I particularly wish to thank Ms. E.B. Jensen, Ms.
L.K. Hansen and Ms. K. Dj¢rup for executing the secretari
al work with such care and accuracy.
Lyngby, October 1979 Per Tryde
General Information
Scientific Committee:
Dr. L.W. Gold, Canada
Professor S.S. Grigorian, USSR
Professor L. Lliboutry, France
Dr. M. Mellor, USA
Professor J.F. Nye, UK
Dr. J. Schwarz, Germany FR
Professor T. Tabata, Japan
Assoc. Professor P. Tryde, Denmark (Chairman)
Co-sponsors:
International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR)
International Commission on Snow and Ice
The Geological Survey of Greenland, Ministry for Greenland
Geophysical Isotope Laboratory, University of Copenhagen
Greenland Technical Organization, Ministry for Greenland
Danish Hydraulic Institute, Danish Academy of Technical
Sciences.
Scientific Organization:
International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
(IUTAM)
President: Professor F.I. Niordson, Denmark
Secretary-General: Professor Jan Hult, Sweden
Danish Organizing Committee:
Professor W. Dansgaard, University of Copenhagen
Assoc. Professor S.J. Johnsen, University of Copenhagen
Assoc. Professor N. Reeh, University of Copenhagen
Assoc. Professor P. Tryde, Technical University of
Denmark.
Acknowledgements
Financial support of the symposium has been generously
provided by the International Union of Theoretical and
Applied Mechanics and by the following institutions:
Danish Hydraulic Institute
Danish Ship Research Laboratory
Society of Hydraulic Engineering
Greenland Technical Organization
International Business Machines A/S (IBM)
Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering
The Ministry of Education.
Secretariat:
P. Tryde
Institute of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Engineering
Technical University of Denmark, Building 115
DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
Participants
(Authors are identified by an asterisk)
*ASSUR, A., Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labora
tory, Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A.
BENGTSSON, L., Div. Water Resources Engineering, Univer
sity of Lulea, S-951 87 Lulea, Sweden
*BERCHA, F.e., F.G. Bercha and Associates Limited,
426-339 6th Ave. S.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
T2P OR8
BILLFALK, L., Hydraulics Laboratory, Swedish Power Board
S-810 71 ~lvkarleby, Sweden
*BREPSON, R., Alsthom-Atlantique, Neyrtec, 75, Rue G~n~
ral Mangin, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex, France
Brooks, L.D., Chevron Oil Field Research Company, P.O.
Box 446, La Habra, California 90631, U.S.A.
*DEMPSTER, R.T., Faculty of Engrg. & Appl Science,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's,
Newfoundland AlB 2X5, Canada
DRUEZ, J.A., Applied Sciences Dept. University of Quebec
at Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, G7H 2Bl Canada
* DUVAL , P., Laboratoire de Glaciologie du C.N.R.S. 2 rue
Tres-Cloitres, F-38031 Grenoble-Cedex, France
EARLE, E.N., Shell Development Company, P.O. Box 481,
Houston, Texas 77001, U.S.A.
* EDWARDS , R., Arctec Canada Ltd., 311 Leggett Drive,
Kanata, Ontario K2K lZ8, Canada
ELDRUP, M., Chemistry Department, Ris¢ National Labora
tory, Ris¢, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
* EMERY , J., Department of Civil Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
FABRICIUS, J., Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngby
vej 100, 2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark
*FRANKENSTEIN, G., Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A.
x
*FREDERKING, R.M., Geotechnical Section, Division of
Building Research, National Research Council,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
FREYSTEINSSON, S., Armuli 4, 105 Reykjavik, Iceland
*GOLD, L.W., Division of Building Research, National
Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada
*GOODMAN, D.J., Cavendish Laboratory, Madingley Road,
Cambridge CB3 OHE, UK
HASLE-NIELSEN, A. Danish Hydraulic Institute, Agern
Alle 5, 2970 H¢rsholm" Denmark
HERFJORD, K. Norges Skipsforskningsinstitutt, P.O.B.
4125-Valentinlyst, N-7oo1 Trondheim, Norway
*HUTTER, K., Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and
Glaciology, Federal Institute of Technology,
8092 Zurich, Switzerland
KAPOULITSAS, G., Dodekanisou 13, Heraklion, Crete,
Greece
*KERR, A.D., Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, U.S.A.
KOMA, N., No.5 Research Department, Technical Research
Center, Nippon Kokan K.K., l-Minami Watarida,
Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanaga, Japan 210
*KRY, P.R., Production Research Division, Esso Resources
Canada Limited, 339-50 Avenue SE, Calgary, Alberta
T2G 2B3, Canada
KUBO, Y., Japan Bridge & Structure Institute, Inc.
Zenkaren Bldg. 12-4, 5-chome, Minarni-Aoyama
Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
*KURE, K., Danish Ship Research Laboratory, Hjortek~rsvej
99, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
LARSEN, P., Hydraulics Laboratory, Swedish State Power
Board, S-810 71 ~lvkarleby, Sweden
LEPP~RANTA, M., Institute of M.arine Research, PL 166
SF-00141 Helsinki 14, Finland
LINDAHL, J., Greenland Technical Organization, Hauser
Plads 20, 1127 Copenhagen K, Denmark
XI
LINDQVIST, G.,Wartsila, Helsingforsvarvet, P.O. Box 132
SF-0015l Helsingfors 15, Finland
MANTOVANI, S., Istituto de Fisica dell'Universita, Via
Campi 203/A, 1-41100 Modena, Italy
*MELLOR, M., Cold Regions Research and Engineering Labo
ratory, Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A.
*MICHEL, B., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Sciences and Engineering, University Laval, Quebec,
Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada
MIKKELSEN, A., Farvandsdirektoratet, P.O. Box 19, Oven
gaden oven Vandet 62 B, 1001 Copenhagen K, Denmark
*MILLER, K.J., Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield Sl 3JD,
England
MORLAND, L.W., School of Mathematics and Physics,
University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
MAATTANEN, M., Dept Mechanical Engineering, University
of Oulu, SF-90l00 Oulu 10, Finland
*NEVEL, D.E., Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, Hanover, N.H. 03755, U.S.A.
OFFENBACHER, E.L., Department of Physics, Temple Univer
sity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, U.S.A.
PETERS, G.R., Faculty of Engrg & Appl. Science, Memorial
University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AlB 2X5
PILKINGTON, R., Canadian Marine Drilling Limited, P.O.
Box 200, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 2H8
*RALSTON, T.D., Exxon Production Research Company, P.O.
Box 2189, Houston, Texas 77001, U.S.A.
RASMUSSEN, K., Danish Geographical Institute, Haraldsgade
68, 2100 Copenhagen (2\, Denmark
RASMUSSEN, S., Statens Istjeneste, Christianshavns Torv 2,
1410 Copenhagen K, Denmark
REDDY, D.V., Faculty of Engrg. & Applied SCience, Memorial
University of Newfoundland, St.John's, Newfoundland
Canada AlB 3X5
