Physical Testing of Rubbers

103 Pages·8.698 MB·English

by  Brown, R.P.

ISSN: 0889-3144
Report 58
Physical Testing of
Rubbers
R.P. Brown
Volume 5, Number 10, 1992
RRaapprraa RReevviieeww RReeppoorrttss
Expert overviews covering the science and
technology of rubber and plastics
RAPRA
TECHNOLOGY LTD.
Untitled-1 1 5/5/2012 3:12:42 PM
Rapra Review Reports
Expert Overoiews Covering the Science and Technology of Rubber and Plastics
Series Editor: Sarah Ward, Rapra Technology Limited
Rapra Review Reports provide expert reviews, supported by comprehensive, indexed bibliographies.
Coverage includes novel and widely used plastics and rubber materials, processing technologies, finished
products, and analysis and testing.
Each report contains a state-of-the-art review, together with around 400 key references and abstracts
selected from the Rapra Abstracts database.
More than 100 Rapra Review Reports have been published since the series was launched in 1987. A full
list of the titles available at the time of publication of this report appears on the following pages. Further
details of the aims and scope of the series are provided on the inside back cover.
The Rapra Abstracts database is the World's most comprehensive source of information on rubbers,
plastics and polymer-based composites. It contains over 700,000 indexed abstracts of published
literature, dating from 1972 to the present. It is available for searching via the World Wide Web or from
a variety of online hosts. CD-ROM versions and monthly abstracts journals are also available, as well as
standard and tailored alerting services. Further information can be obtained by contacting Rapra at the
address below.
© Copyright 2001 Rapra Technology Limited
ISSN: 0889-3144
No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without permission in writing from the copyright holder.
Twelve Rapra Review Reports are published per volume. They are available for purchase individually, or
on subscription at an advantageous price. For further information please contact the Publications Sales
department at the address below.
Further details are also contained in our Polymer Publications Catalogue. This lists a wide range of
books, reports, journals, directories and conference proceedings, published or distributed by Rapra
Technology, all addressing the business and technology of polymer-based materials and products. Copies
of this catalogue are also available on request from our Publications Sales department.
Rapra Technology is Europe's leading independent plastics and rubber specialist, operating from two
sites in the UK.
RAPRA
Registered Office: Telephone: [phone]
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Fax: [phone]
TECHNOLOGY LTD. Shropshire, SY4 4NR, E-mail: [email protected]
United Kingdom. http://www.rapra.net
RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS
Rapra Review Reports provide detailed state-of-the-art reviews, combined with comprehensive
bibliographic information from the Rapra Abstracts database, on wide-ranging subjects of particular
interest and importance in polymer science and technology. Topics are identified by the editor as
being of significant current interest primarily on the basis of the quantity of important information
being published in the field, as well as by the volume of enquiries and other information coming into
the Rapra Information Centre. Coverage includes materials, processing techniques and applications.
Each report comprises three sections, as follows:
1 A detailed state-of-the-art review written by an acknowledged expert identified by the editor,
which refers primarily to the References and Abstracts section following. (Reference numbers
in brackets refer to item numbers from this section). However, where it has been necessary for
completeness to cite sources outside the normal scope of the Rapra database, these are listed at
the end of the section, and referred to in the text as a.l, a.2 etc.
2 A comprehensive References and Abstracts section resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts
database. The format and content of these entries is outlined in the sample record below. The
Rapra Abstracts database contains approximately 300,000 records from sources
including journals, conference proceedings, trade literature, specifications and books, dating
back to 1972. Coverage is international, and a significant number of foreign language
publications are included; where such papers are cited in Rapra Review Reports the language of
the original article is given after the reference, and an English abstract is generally supplied.
3 An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the controlled terms which are
used to identify records when searching the database online.
SAMPLE RECORD
Item 1
Source-----.... Kunst.Plast. 32,No. 1l,Nov. 1985, p.1O-1
German _.- -------------- Language (unless in English)
Title-------. HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES
Geschwill W ...- ------------ Author
Organisational Source BASF AG
--+
Developments in high performance composites are
considered with particular attention being paid to
carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resins. Activities of
BASF in this field are described and information is
given on the formation of BASF Structural Materials.
The company's calendering facilities for CFRP
prepreg manufacture are discussed as is the production
of finished articles from such prepregs. Cost +--- Abstract
comparisons are made with metals, e.g. aluminium, for
applications in the aircraft industry. Properties,
especially mechanical behaviour, are described and
compared with those of steel.
BASF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ...- ---- Companies or Organisations
USA; WEST GERMANY Mentioned
Geographical
---+. CopyquestOrderNo.310405
Location
Previous Titles Still Available
Volume 1 Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, Department of
Civil Engineering, University of Surrey.
Report 1 Conductive Polymers, WJ. Feast,
Durham University. Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer
Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.
Report 2 Medical, Surgical and Pharmaceutical
Applications of Polymers, D.E Williams, Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers,
University of Liverpool. M.T. Goosey, Plessey Research (CaswelI)
Ltd.
Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas,
RAE, Farnborough. Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers,
J.w. Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers
Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI,
Ltd.
Wilton.
Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for
Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry,
Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira
N.W. Sandland and MJ. Sebborn,
Packaging Division.
Cambridge Applied Technology.
Report 6 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks,
Volume 3
R. Satgurunathan, Courtaulds Research.
Report 7 Thermoplastic Elastomers, CP. Rader, Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents,
Monsanto. DrJ.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology
Associates.
Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, LT. Barrie,
Consultant. Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in
Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway,
Report 9 Automotive Applications of Polymers,
University of Surrey.
AN.A. Elliott, Austin-Rover Group.
Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber,
Report 10 Reinforced Reaction Injection Moulding,
Dr.M.A. Wheelans, Consultant.
P.D. Armitage, P.D. Coates and
AE Johnson, University of Bradford.
Report 28 Adhesives for Structural Engineering
Applications, C O'Reilly, Loctite (Ireland)
Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,
Ltd.
R. Spratling, British Telecom.
Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry, Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications,
R.E Evans, Engelmann & Buckham CE Britton, Corrosion Monitoring
Ancillaries. Consultancy.
Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers,
Volume 2
W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre,
Harwell.
Rtport 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering
Thermoplastics, AE Whelan, London Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and
School of Polymer Technology. H. W. Winnan, Dow Coming Ltd.
Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports Report 32 Fluoroelastomers -Properties and
and Leisure Industries, AL. Cox and
Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn,
R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.
3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium
SA.
Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and
Applications, G. Woods, Consultant.
Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,
T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals
Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, DJ. Kemmish, ICI,
Ltd.
Wilton.
Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A Lovegrove,
Nova Petrochemicals Inc.
Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications
of Polymers, lC Gamaud, Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods,
Secretary General, International Committee D. Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd.
for Plastics in Agriculture.
Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health
Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics and Environmental Concerns,
Packaging, R.C Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. MJ. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.
Volume 4 Report 43 Volume 4, No. 7
Polymeric Materials from Renewable
Resources,
Report 37 \blume 4, No. 1
Dr. 1.M. Methven, UMIST.
Polymers in Aerospace Applications,
Dr. W.W. Wright, University of Surrey.
Report 44 Volume 4, No. 8
Flammability and Flame Retardants in
Report 38 Volume 4, No. 2 Plastics,
Epoxy Resins, 1. Green, FMC Corp.
Dr. K.A Hodd, Brunei University.
Report 45 Volume 4, No. 9
Report 39 Volume 4, No. 3 Composites -Tooling and Component
Polymers in Chemically Resistant Processing,
Applications,
N.G. Brain, Tooltex.
D. CattelI, Cattell Consultancy Services.
Report 46 Volume 4, No. 10
Report 40 Volume 4, No. 4
Quality Today in Polymer Processing,
Internal Mixing of Rubber,
l.e. Lupton, Gripperrods International Plc. S.H. Coulson, lA. Cousans,
Exxon Chemical International Marketing.
Report 41 Volume 4, No. 5
Report 47 Volume 4, No. 11
Failure of Plastics,
Chemical Analysis of Polymers,
Dr. S. Turner, Queen Mary College.
Dr. G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic.
Report 42 Volume 4, No. 6
Poly carbonates, Report 48 Volume 4, No. 12
Drs. R. P.akull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Plastics in Building,
BayerAG. Dr. CM.A. Johansson, BSRIA.
All Titles may be ordered from Pergamon Press Plc.
Titles Appearing in this Volume
Volume 5 Report 54 Volume 5, No. 6
Health and Safety in the Rubber
Industry,
Report 49 Volume 5, No. 1 A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and
Blends and Alloys of Engineering IF. Wade, formerly HM Senior Principal
Thermoplastics, Inspector of Factories, and former Head of
H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Rubber National Interest Group, HSE
Plastics BV.
Report 55 Volume 5, No. 7
Report 50 Volume 5, No. 2 Computer Modelling of Polymer
Automotive Applications of Polymers II, Processing,
ANA. Elliott, Consultant E. Andreassen, A. Larsen and
E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning,
Norway
Report 51 Volume 5, No. 3
Biomedical Applications of Polymers,
Dr. e.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State Report 56 Volume 5, No. 8
University / Florida Atlantic University Plastics in High Temperature Applications
Dr. I. MaxweJl, Consultant
Report 52 Volume 5, No. 4
Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, Report 57 Volume 5, No. 9
Dr. P. Hodge, University of Manchester Joining of Plastics
K.W, AlIen, City University, London
Report 53 Volume 5, No. 5
Weathering of Polymers, Report 58 Volume 5, No. 10
S.M. HalliwelI, Building Research Physical Testing of Rubber
Establishment R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd.
'Copyquest' Document Delivery Service
Photocopies or loans of the complete documents referred to in this journal may be ordered using pre-paid vouchers
which are available in batches of 20 at the following prices:
UK£105 + VAT
Overseas £140
A minimum charge of £10 per order will be made when ordering individual copies without vouchers.
(prices valid for 1992 only).
Documents will be despatched within 48 hours. If you need them faster then fax is available at an additional charge.
Please copy and return to:
Alison Mackay, Document Delivery Department, Rapra Technology Limited,
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom.
Telephone: [phone] Telex: 35134 Fax: [phone]
Name: .................................. Position: ..... , ..................................... .
Company: .................................................................................. .
Address: ................................................................................... .
Telephone: ....................... Telex: ........................ Fax: ....................... .
D
I would like to order ............................................. batch( es) of vouchers.
D
I enclose a cheque for ............................................................... .
D
Please invoice me for ................................................................ .
(Rapra Members may have a credit balance available for payment)
D
I would like to order the following documents:
D
Please deduct from vouchers ordered above.
D
I enclose voucher(s).
D
I do not have any vouchers. Please invoice me for individual copies.
(Please note there is a minimum charge of £10).
(Please quote full references).
. . ..................... ................................................................... .
~
D
I would like to receive more details of your complete range of Information Services and Publications.
D
I would like details of facsimile prices.
Report 58. Physical Testing ofR ubbers
Physical Testing of Rubbers
R.P. Brown
(Rapra Technology Limited)

Physical Testing ofR ubbers
Table of Contents
1. Scope .................................... . . .... 3
2. The Reasons for Testing ............................................. 3
3. Standards ..................................................... 4
4. The Basic Improvements Sought in Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
5. Trends in Test Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
6. Current Status .................................................. 8
6.1 Short Term Mechanical Tests ........................................ 8
6.2 Dynamic Properties ....... 9
6.3 Friction and Wear ......... . . ...... 9
6.4 Long Term Effects of Stress or Strain 10
6.5 Fatigue ............... . 10
6.6 Effect of Temperature · .......... 10
6.7 Environmental Effects · .......... 11
6.8 Product Tests . . . . . · . . . . . 12
7. Instrument Development 13
8. Non-Destructive Testing .......... 13
9. Reproducibility ........ . . ......... 14
10. Calibration ................. 15
Additional References .................................... . ..... 15
References and Abstracts ..... 17
Subject Index ...... . . ........ 87
1