Table Of ContentPeriodic Table of the Elements
Czn6 t
electronegativity 4
electronic
configuration
symbol
number
name
Beryllium -
24.305
[NeJV
VII
V B VI 8 Vll B
50.9415 51.996 54.9380 55.647 58.9332
1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7
[ArpdW [kj3dW [Ar]?dW [Ar]?dW [Arj3dlV
V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 CO n
Caiclum Scandlum Manlum Vanadlum Chromium Manganese Iron CobaH
87.82 88.9059 91.22 92.9064 95.94 98.906 101.07 102.9055
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5
1Kr]5s2 [KrpdW [Kr14d2Ss2 [Krl4d% IKrpdsSs [KrW% [Krpd'Ss [KrpdW
Sr Y Zr Nb MO TC RU Rh
38 39 4~ 41 42 43 44 45
Strontium Yltrium Urconium Ruthenium Rhodlum
137.33 138.9055 178.49 190.2 192.22
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.6
[X~W [XeWW [Xe]U'Fd2W [X8]U"SdW pe]U"SdlW
Ba *La Hf 0s Ir
56 57 71 76 21
6 Cesium Barium Lanthanum Halnlum Ormlum Ifidium
(223) 226.02!54 227.0278 (261) 1
1.0 1.0
[RnlTs [Rn]7s2 [Rn]W$ [RnIYYdW [Rn]YWMJ7s' [Rn)5fYd'ls,
Ra ~ A c
88 89 U n q l o l U n p l o s Unhlo6
7 Franclum Rndlum Actinium Unnliquadium Unnilpentium Unnilhexium
* Lanthanides
6 Csfium ( Fnswdymium 1 Neodymium 1 Promethium I Samadum ( Eumpium 1 Gadolinium
232.0381 ni.0~9 m.oa 237.~2 (244) (243) (247)
1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 01.2
t Actinides Th Pa U Np PU Am Cm
90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Thorlum Protactinium Uranium Nephlnlum ~ l u m A msrlclum Cmium
Noble
Gases
0
4.0026
1s 2
He
2
VI A VII A
Helium
20.179
[HelZsTp,
Ne
10
Neon
39.948
INeWp6
Ar
la
Chlorine Argon
63.546 65.38 69.72 72.59 79.904 83.80
1.8
[Ar13d104W
Kr
36
Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Amenlc Selenium Bromine Krypton
106.4 107.868 112.41 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.9045 131.30
1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 1. 8 2.0 2.2
[Kr]ld'OSs [Kr]rW'oSsZ [Kr)(d10W5p [Krpd'oSs25p' [Kr)4d'OWSP [Kr]rW'WSp' [Kr]4d10W5p [KrpPWSP
Xe
-
Palladium Silver Cadmium indium nn Antimony ( Tellurium 1 Iodine Xenon
195.09 196.9665 1200.59 1 204.37 1267.2 12OE.9804 l(209) 1 WOl (222)
[Xepff45d'W
Rn
88
1 1 I 1 1 1
Platinum Gold Mercury Thalllum Lsad Bismuth Polonlum Astatine Radon
.
164.9301 167.26 181.9342 173.04 174.967 .
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
[XeI4fW [Xe)(1'26sl [Xe)lfW [Xe)41'%s2 [Xe)41"5dW . I .
Ho Er Tm Yb LU
67 69 70 71
Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
(247) (251) (254) (257) (2W 259 260
-1.2 -1.2 -1.2
(RnjYlW [Rn]Sll~7sZ [RnJSPlW [Rny51"7SZ IRny51UM7SZ
Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
97 99 loo lol lo2 103
BNLaiium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium lamnclum
Physical Ceramics
Principles for
Ceramic Science
and Engineering
MIT Series in Materials Science & Engineering Series Statement
In response to the growing economic and technological importance of polymers,
ceramics, advance metals, composites, and electronic materials, many departments
concerned with materials are changing and expanding their curricula. The advent of
new courses calls for the development of new textbooks that teach the principles of
materials science and engineering as they apply to all classes of materials.
The MIT Series in Materials Science and Engineering is designed to fill the
needs of this changing curriculum.
Based on the curriculum of the Department of Materials Science and Engineer-
ing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the series will include textbooks
for the undergraduate core sequence of courses on Thermodynamics, Physical
Chemistry, Chemical Physics, Structures, Mechanics, and Transport Phenomena
as they apply to the study of materials. More advanced texts based on this core
will cover the principles and technologies of different materials classes, such as
ceramics, metals, polymers, and electronic materials.
The series will define the modem curriculum in materials science and engi-
neering as the discipline changes with the demands of the future.
The MIT Series Committee
Samuel M. Allen
Yet-Ming Chiang
Merton C. Flemings
David I? Ragone
Julian Szekely
Edwin L. Thomas
Physical Ceramics
Principles for
Ceramic Science
and Engineering
Yet-Ming Chiang
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Dunbar P. Birnie, III
University ofArizona
Tucson, Arizona
W. David Kingery
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chichester 9 Toronto Brisbane Singapore
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Production Editor Ken Santor
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each year does not exceed the amount of new growth.
Copyright 0 1997, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.
Reproduction or translation of any part of
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107 and 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:
Chiang, Yet-ming
Physical ceramics / Yet-ming Chiang, Dunbar P. Bimie III, W. David Kingery.
p. cm. --(MIT series in materials science and engineering)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN O-471-59873-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Ceramic materials. I. Birnie, Dunbar P. II. Kingery, W.D. III. Title
IV. Series.
TA455.C43C53 1997
620.1’4--dc20 95-32997
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
1098765432
To Chia Chi and Hsu Sha Chiang, for good instruction early on,
and
To April Ruby Rose Bike, whose boundless energy is always an inspiration.
Preface
It is a generally accepted paradigm of Materials Science and Engineering that
materials selection, synthesis and processing give rise to a product’s internal struc-
ture that determines properties and thus performance in a desired function and
use. The core of this model is structure. The nature and origin of structure and its
influence on properties is the central theme of Physical Ceramics. Analysis and
practice have shown that this focus on structure is intellectually satisfying and
empirically successful.
Of the principle classes of engineering materials, ceramics are in many ways
the most interesting and challenging. These inorganic nonmetallic crystals and
glasses have an enormous range of structures, properties and applications. They
include materials that are weak and strong; friable and tough; opaque and trans-
parent; insulators, conductors, and superconductors; low melting and high melt-
ing; diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic; linear and non linear dielec-
trics; single crystal, polycrystalline and composite; crystalline and glassy; porous
and dense, . . . . . .they possess many properties or combinations of properties not
achievable in other classes of materials. Experience has shown that this wonder-
ful variety and complexity can be ordered, appreciated and learned by concentrat-
ing on structure.
Our focus as scientists and engineers is mostly on those materials, which are at
the heart of existing technologies and the cutting edge of new technologies. How-
ever, it is worth remembering that the use and manufacture of ceramics began
vi
Preface vii
about 7000 BC; by 6500 BC, almost all of the techniques for working clay had
been invented except for the potter’s wheel (circa 3500-4000 BC). Ceramics have
the capacity to be formed into an infinite variety of shapes with an enormous
range of color, transparency, reflectivity, translucency-forms and visual effects
that provide a wonderful medium for aesthetic creation. The central role of struc-
ture on properties makes this book equally applicable to understanding and inter-
preting the creation and performance of these objects.
Any complete study of ceramics requires investigation of many functions and
uses - social and ideological as well as utilitarian (During the 1970’s high tech
ceramics served as a symbol for advanced technology in Japan.) Performance of
ceramics in these roles influences, even determines, materials selection, product
design and methods of production. We have to admit that selecting Physical Ce-
ramics alone for concentrated study is much too narrow at a time when engineer-
ing is coming to be widely recognized as a socio-technical activity. Our justifica-
tion is that this textbook serves as an introduction to the most critical core of the
ceramic technological system, and it provides a coherent unit that can be fit into
one or two terms of study for well-prepared students. The proposed method of
learning allows students to effectively continue into more varied and complex
topics.
This book is first and foremost intended to be a teaching text. Each of the
authors has had experience teaching introductory courses in ceramics (at the Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology and at the University of Arizona). The primary
intended audience is juniors and seniors in materials science and engineering with
a background in inorganic chemistry, chemical thermodynamics and basic crys-
tallography. We have also found the level of presentation suitable for beginning
graduate students who have had little prior experience with materials science or
ceramics. The material covered builds on prior courses in a satisfying way, in-
cluding other texts in The MIT Series in Materials Science and Engineering, and
it provides students with the core understanding necessary to pursue the subject of
ceramics as it now exists and to be prepared for new surprises likely to emerge.
Not only for ceramics, but for all materials, we provide an effective framework
for learning how to learn. Key concepts are developed in a sequence that builds on
firm foundations in a cumulative way, always using the material learned in such a
way that its significance is continuously reinforced.
In the first chapter we analyze how atoms and ions combine to form three-
dimensional crystals and glasses. Because ceramics consist of atoms and ions of
many different sizes and charge and orbital configuration, there is a rich but some-
times intimidating variety of structures. We see how these are constructed from
variations on a very few themes. Difficult structures such as the cuprate supercon-
ductors, hydrated aluminosilicate clays and complex glasses can become rational;
order can emerge from chaos.
As a basis for getting at real processes and real properties, Chapter II intro-
duces and discusses the nature of defects which intrude upon the perfect geometry
of ideal crystal structures. Point defects-missing or misplaced, atoms, ions or
