Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles

384 Pages·1988·11.141 MB·English

by  Abraham Lerman (auth.), A. Lerman, M. Meybeck (eds.)

Physical and Chemical Weathering in
Geochemical Cycles
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological know/edge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
o Behavioural and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol. 251
Physical and Chemical Weathering
in Geochemical Cycles
edited by
A. Lerman
Department of Geological Sciences,
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, U.S.A.
and
M. Meybeck
Institut de Biogeochimie Marine,
Ecole Normale Superieure, Montrouge, France
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles
Aussois, France
4-15 September 1985
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Physical and chemical weathering in geochemical cycles.
(NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and
physical sciences; no. 251)
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute
on Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical
Cycles, held at Aussois, France, September 1985.
"Pub li shed in coopera t ion with NATO Sc ient if ic
Affairs Division."
Includes index.
1. Weathering--Congresses. I. Lerman, Abraham.
II. Meybeck, M. (Michel) III. HATO Advanced Study
Institute on Physical and Chemical Weathering in
Geochemical Cycles (1985 : Aussois, France)
IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific
Affiars Division. V. Series.
QE570.P47 1988 551.3 88-13529
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7881-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3071-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3071-1
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk, and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE Vll
List of Participants ix
List of Contributors xv
WEATHERING RATES AND MAJOR TRANSPORT
PROCESSES - AN INTRODUCTION A. Lerman
RATE CONTROL OF WEATHERING OF SILICATE R. Wollast
MINERALS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE and Lei Chou 11
MICROBIAL WEATHERING PROCESSES IN NATURAL
ENVIRONMENTS J. Berthelin 33
PALEOSOLS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE H. D. Holland
ATMOSPHERE PART I and E. A. Zbinden 61
SLOPE EROSION AND MASS MOVEMENT IN RELATION
TO WEATHERING AND GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES O. Slaymaker 83
LOESS - ITS FORMATION, TRANSPORT AND
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE J. A. Catt 113
LAKE SEDIMENTS AS INDICATORS OF CHANGES
IN LAND EROSION RATES R. L. Thomas 143
MOVEMENT AND STORAGE OF SEDIMENT IN
RIVER SYSTEMS R. H. Meade 165
INFLUENCE OF ACID RAIN ON Vv'EATHERING RATES R. F. Wright 181
FRESHWATER CARBON AND THE WEATHERING
CYCLE S. Kempe 197
WEATHERING AND EROSION IN THE HUMID TROPICS R. F. Stallard 225
HOW TO ESTABLISH AND USE WORLD BUDGETS OF
RIVERINE MATERIALS M. Meybeck 247
TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION OF SUSPENDED MAT
TER IN ESTUARIES AND THE NEARSHORE SEA D. Eisma 273
RIVERBORNE MATERIALS AND THE CONTINENT
OCEAN INTERFACE J. D. Burton 299
vi
STRONTIUM STORAGE AND RELEASE DURING DEPOSI
TION AND DIAGENESIS OF MARINE CARBONATES
RELATED TO SEA-LEVEL VARIATIONS S. O. Schlanger 323
SEDIMENT CYCLING DURING EARTH HISTORY R. M. Garrels 341
SOLID EARTH AS A RECYCLING SYSTEM: TEMPORAL
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL TECTONICS J. Veizer 357
Subject Index 373
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The Organizing Committee of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physi
cal and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles, Abraham Lerman, Michel
Meybeck, and James I. Drever, acknowledge with thanks the financial support
received from NATO Scientific Affairs Division (Brussels), and additional support
from Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (Paris).
It is also a pleasure to express our thanks to the administration and personnel of
Centre "Paul Langevin at Aussois (Savoie, France) for their help and arrangements
JJ
made for the Advanced Study Institute. At Aussois, invaluable assistance was pro
vided by Mme. Jacqueline Fraisse, Assistant to the Organizing Committee. Last but
far from least, the laborious word processing of the entire book typescript at
Northwestern University was done with devotion and care by Ms. Cheril Cheverton,
without whom the typescript would not have seen the light of day for submission to
the publisher.
vii

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS NATO-ASI
Aussois, Savoie
BELGIUM
L. Chou
Laboratoire d'Oceanographie, Universite Libre, 50, avenue ED. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles
R Nijs
Geologisch Instituut (RU.G.), Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Gent
R Wollast
Laboratoire d'Oceanographie, Universite Libre, 50 avenue ED. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles
CANADA
DJ. Bottomley
Department of Geology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
A.H. MacDonald
Department of Geology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
O. Slaymaker
Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
S. Talman
Department of Geology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
RL. Thomas
International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Regional Office, 100 Ouelette Avenue, Windsor, Ontario
J. Veizer
Department of Geology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
P.A. Yeats
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2
DENMARK
D. Postma
Institute of General Geology, 0stervoldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen
FRANCE
J. Berthelin
Centre de Pedologie Biologique du CNRS, B.P. 5 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, Cedex
S. Duchaffaut
Institut de Geologie, Universite de Grenoble, Grenoble, Cedex
ix
x
N. Dufrien
Centre de Sedimentologie et Geochimie de la Surface, I rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex
D. Etchanchu
Laboratoire de Pedologie et Geochimie, Universite de Toulouse, 38, rue des 38 Ponts, 31062 Toulouse,
Cedex
B. Francou
Centre de Geomorphologie, Rue des Tilleuls, 14000 Caen
Z. Kattan
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Sedimentologie et de Geochimie de la Surface, rue
Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex
F. Lelong
Residence Foch, 184 rue de I' Aisne, 45160 Olivet
M. Loubet
Universite Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Mineralogie, 38 rue des 36 Ponts, 31062 Toulouse
M.-D. Loye-Pilot
Laboratoire de Biologie-Geologie, E.N.SJ.F., 1 rue M. Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge
R-R Nkounkou
Universite Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Institut de Geologie, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex
J.-L. Probst
Institut de Geologie, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, Cedex
P. Seyler
Laboratoire de Geologie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris, Cedex
GERMANY
B. Fitzner
Geologisches Institut, RWTH Aachen, Wuellnerstrasse 2, 51 Aachen
R Sobanski
Geol.-Palaeont.-Institut, Universitaet Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 2000 Hamburg 13
GREECE
F. Sakellariadou
A.G.R.G., Department of Geology, RS.M., Imperial College, London SW7 2BP
ICELAND
G. Gudbergsson
Agricultural Res. Institute, Keldnaholt, 110 Reykjavik