Physical Agent Modalities: Theory and Application for the Occupational Therapist

460 Pages·2022·11.573 MB·English

by  Alfred Bracciano EdD OTR/L FAOTA

Alfred G. Bracciano
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Theory and Application for the Occupational Therapist | Third Edition
The popular occupational therapy textbook Physical Agent Modalities: Theory
and Application for the Occupational Therapist has been newly updated and
revised into a comprehensive Third Edition.
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Using current occupational therapy terminology and philosophy, this text h P
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establishes the theoretical basis and clinical reasoning for the use of physical or h
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agent modalities in practice. The biophysiological effects of the modalities are a
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identified and discussed alongside their impact on function and performance. n
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Relevant to both students and practitioners, the Third Edition educates on the A s Theory and Application for the
proper, safe, and judicious use of physical agent modalities while treating clients. p i
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Written by Dr. Alfred G. Bracciano, this book outlines the application procedures a a
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for each modality, indications for their use, and the precautions and contraindi- ion l
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New to the Third Edition: e g
• Organizational boxed asides and tables related to each concept area O
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• Evidence-based research boxes and tables related to clinical reasoning c
case studies u n
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• New chapters on physiological impact of interventions, soft tissue at t
techniques, and health care reform io
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• Global perspective providing a resource for the international therapist a
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Each chapter contains: p d
• Learning objectives ist | a
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• Case studies h i
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Instructors in educational settings can also visit www.efacultylounge.com for E e
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additional instructional resources. it s
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With up-to-date information and new chapters, Physical Agent Modalities:
Theory and Application for the Occupational Therapist, Third Edition provides
a user-friendly, organized reference ready to be applied in the clinical setting.
SLACK Incorporated
MEDICAL/Allied Health Services/Occupational Therapy
Physical
Agent
Modalities
Theory and Application for the
Occupational Therapist
Third Edition
Physical
Agent
Modalities
Theory and Application for the
Occupational Therapist
Third Edition
Alfred G. Bracciano, MScA, EdD, OTR/L, FAOTA
Professor and Coordinator
Creighton University
Omaha, Nebraska
University of Alaska Distance Pathway
Anchorage, Alaska
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© 2022 by SLACK Incorporated
Physical Agent Modalities: Theory and Application for the Occupational Therapist, Third Edition includes
ancillary materials specifically available for faculty use. Included are PowerPoint Slides. Please visit
http://www.efacultylounge.com to obtain access.
Dr. Alfred G. Bracciano and Dr. Elizabeth Bracciano have no financial or proprietary interest in the materials presented
herein.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the pub-
lisher, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
The procedures and practices described in this publication should be implemented in a manner consistent with the pro-
fessional standards set for the circumstances that apply in each specific situation. Every effort has been made to confirm
the accuracy of the information presented and to correctly relate generally accepted practices. The authors, editors, and
publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions or for the outcome of the material presented herein. There
is no expressed or implied warranty of this book or information imparted by it. Care has been taken to ensure that drug
selection and dosages are in accordance with currently accepted/recommended practice. Off-label uses of drugs may be
discussed. Due to continuing research, changes in government policy and regulations, and various effects of drug reac-
tions and interactions, it is recommended that the reader carefully review all materials and literature provided for each
drug, especially those that are new or not frequently used. Some drugs or devices in this publication have clearance for use
in a restricted research setting by the Food and Drug and Administration or FDA. Each professional should determine
the FDA status of any drug or device prior to use in their practice.
Any review or mention of specific companies or products is not intended as an endorsement by the author or publisher.
SLACK Incorporated uses a review process to evaluate submitted material. Prior to publication, educators or clinicians
provide important feedback on the content that we publish. We welcome feedback on this work.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bracciano, Alfred G., 1956- author.
Title: Physical agent modalities : theory and application for the
occupational therapist / Alfred G. Bracciano.
Description: Third edition. | Thorofare, NJ : SLACK Incorporated, [2022] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021044039 (print) | LCCN 2021044040 (ebook) | ISBN
9781630915384 (paperback) | ISBN 9781630915391 (epub) | ISBN
9781630915407 (pdf)
Subjects: MESH: Occupational Therapy--methods | Cryotherapy | Electric
Stimulation Therapy | Hot Temperature--therapeutic use | Ultrasonic
Therapy | BISAC: MEDICAL / Allied Health Services / Occupational Therapy
Classification: LCC RM735.3 (print) | LCC RM735.3 (ebook) | NLM WB 555 |
DDC 615.8/515--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021044039
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021044040
For permission to reprint material in another publication, contact SLACK Incorporated. Authorization to photocopy
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Dedication
In memory of Alfred F. Bracciano (7/29/1931–7/27/2019).

Contents
Dedication .................................................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................ix
About the Author ....................................................................................................................................xi
Contributing Author .............................................................................................................................xiii
Preface ......................................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Physical Agent Modalities: A Theoretical Framework .................................................1
Chapter 2 Regulatory Guidelines for the Use of Physical Agents ...............................................33
Addendum: Summary of States Requiring Competency
in Physical Agents ..................................................................................................45
Chapter 3 Wound Healing ...............................................................................................................73
Chapter 4 Pain Theory and Perception ..........................................................................................95
Chapter 5 Cryotherapy ...................................................................................................................117
Elizabeth Bracciano, OTD, OTR/L and
Alfred G. Bracciano, MScA, EdD, OTR/L, FAOTA
Chapter 6 Thermal Modalities: Therapeutic Heat .......................................................................149
Elizabeth Bracciano, OTD, OTR/L and
Alfred G. Bracciano, MScA, EdD, OTR/L, FAOTA
Chapter 7 Therapeutic Ultrasound and Phonophoresis .............................................................187
Chapter 8 Principles of Electrotherapy.........................................................................................227
Chapter 9 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: Applications and Indications ..................267
Chapter 10 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ...........................................................319
Chapter 11 Iontophoresis .................................................................................................................351
Chapter 12 Low-Level Laser Therapy, Light Therapy, and Diathermy .......................................379
Appendix A Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Hand Rehabilitation Guide.........................401
Appendix B Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Parameter Overview ...................................407
Appendix C Microcurrent Electrical Therapy and
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Treatment Protocols .........................................411
Appendix D Considerations, Conditions, Precautions, and Contraindications ...........................415
Physical Agent Modalities: Theory and Application for the Occupational Therapist, Third Edition includes
ancillary materials specifically available for faculty use. Included are PowerPoint Slides. Please visit
http://www.efacultylounge.com to obtain access.

Acknowledgments
I cannot express enough thanks to my students and the clinicians I have had the
privilege of teaching over the course of my career. Their questions, ideas, and input
provided direction for many of the revisions in this edition. Their enthusiasm and sup-
port provided the impetus to continue to clarify, refine, and strengthen the concepts
within this content area and to validate and expand the scope of practice for the pro-
fession.
My special thanks also to my colleagues at Creighton University, who set the stan-
dard for excellence and creativity in clinical practice and education. Creighton’s vision-
ary environment fosters outreach and creativity in teaching and pedagogy, and their
encouragement and support helped in the culmination of this project.
Finally, my deepest gratitude to my wife Tamara and my children, who continued
to endure my long hours in the office (the cave), researching and writing. Their under-
standing and encouragement was invaluable during those difficult times and deadlines.