Table Of ContentPHOTOVOLTAIC
WATER PUMPING
SYSTEMS
PHOTOVOLTAIC
WATER PUMPING
SYSTEMS
Concept, Design, and
Methods of Optimization
TAMER KHATIB
Energy Engineering and Environment, An-Najah National
University, Nablus,Palestine
DHIAA HALBOT MUHSEN
Computer Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah
University, Baghdad, Iraq
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom
525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizations
suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour
website:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusing
suchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,
includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-12-821231-8
ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:BrianRomer
AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading
EditorialProjectManager:AliceGrant
ProductionProjectManager:PoulouseJoseph
CoverDesigner:ChristinaBilbow
TypesetbySPiGlobal,India
To Zain and Sara, just to be a fair father,
Tamer Khatib
To those who gave me the true meaning of life, my dear wife Alaa,
my daughter Manar, and my son Ahmad,
Dhiaa Halboot Muhsen
About the authors
Associate Professor Dr. habil Tamer Khatib is a photovoltaic power
systems professional. He holds a B.Sc. degree in electrical power systems
from An-Najah National University, Palestine, as well as an M.Sc. degree
and a Ph.D. degree in photovoltaic power systems from the National
University of Malaysia, Malaysia. In addition, he holds Habilitation (the
highest academic degree in German-speaking countries) in renewable and
sustainable energy from Alpen Adria Universitat, Klagenfurt, Austria.
Currently,heisanassociateprofessorofrenewableenergyatAn-Najah
National University and the director of the An-Najah Company for
Consultancy and Technical Studies. He is also the chair of the IEEE
Palestine subsection.
So far, he has 2 patents, 3 books, and 122 research articles while his
currenth-indexis32.Hehassupervised4Ph.D.studies,16masterstudies,
and 50 bachelor studies.
HeisaseniormemberofIEEE,theIEEEPowerandEnergySociety,the
International Solar Energy Society, and the Jordanian Engineers
Association.
Hisresearchinterestsmainlyfallinthescopeofphotovoltaicsystemsand
solar energy fundamentals. These interests include PV system design and
optimization, modeling and control of PV systems, hybrid PV/wind sys-
tems, hybrid PV/diesel systems, grid-connected PV systems, sun trackers,
MPPT technology, inverters in PV systems, solar chargers, batteries and
charge controllers, solar energy fundamentals, solar energy prediction, AI
applications for solar energy and PV systems, wind power systems, wind
chargers, and wind energy modeling and prediction.
AssistantProfessorDr.DhiaaHalbotMuhsenearnedaB.Sc.degreein
electricalengineeringfromtheUniversityofBaghdad,Iraq,in2001,aswell
as an M.Sc. degrees in computer and control engineering from Baghdad
University,Iraq,in2004.Inaddition,heholdsaPh.D.degreeincomputer
engineering from the University of Tenaga National, Malaysia. Currently,
he is an assistant professor in the computer engineering department at
Mustansiriyah University. He earned his Ph.D. under the supervision of
associate professor Dr. habil Tamer Khatib.
xi
xii Abouttheauthors
So far, he has 21 research articles while his current h-index is 9.
Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludemodelingofphotovoltaics,model-
ing of PVPS, sizing of PVPS, load scheduling in smart grids, evolutionary
algorithms (EA), and multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) algorithms.
Preface
Solarenergyisconsideredarenewableandenvironmentallyfriendlyenergy
source. Meanwhile, photovoltaic technology (PV) is the most popular
technology that directly utilizes solar energy and converts it to a direct
current. One of the most popular applications of PV power systems is the
PVwaterpumpingsystem(PVPS).ThePVPSutilizesthepowergenerated
fromthePVmoduletopowerapumpingsystemfordifferentwaterpump-
ing applications such as providing drinking water for domestic use and
irrigation. A properly designed PVPS can be efficient and economically
competitive to grid-connected or diesel generator (DG)-based pumping
systems, especially in rural areas. However, the low energy-conversion
efficiency of PV modules, the nonlinearity of the PV module/array I-V
characteristics, and the unique maximum power operation point are still
the major challenges of this technology.
This book aims to provide a concept of a photovoltaic water pumping
system, that system’s components, the mathematical models, and the
methodsofdesign,includingnovelartificialintelligencemethods.Thus,this
bookincludessixchapters.Thefirstchapterproposesageneralintroduction
whilethesecondchapterreviewsthephotovoltaicwaterpumpingconcept,
performance, reliability, control strategies, and sizing methods. The third
chapter discusses the mathematical models of system components. The
fourth and fifth chapters propose design methods, including the intuitive
methods, the numerical methods, and the artificial intelligence methods.
ExamplesareprovidedwithopensourceMATLABcodes.Thelastchapter
discusses the feasibility and sensitivity of the photovoltaic water pumping
system, considering different types of storage and backup sources.
xiii
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Professor Dr. Azah Mohamed, Assistant
Professor Dr. Haider Tarish Haider, Assistant Professor Dr. Issa Ahmed
Abed,andEng.AliaSaleh.Moreover,theauthorswouldliketoextendtheir
thanks to Elsevier’s team for their cooperation with special thanks to Lisa
Reading, Danielle McLean, Alex Ford, Poulouse Joseph and Ashwathi
Aravindakshan.
xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Contents
1.1 Theneedforwaterpumpingusingphotovoltaicsystems 1
1.2 Typesofwaterpumpingsystems 2
1.3 Irrigationsystems 4
1.1 The need for water pumping using photovoltaic
systems
Recently,waterdemandhasincreasedduetotheincreasingpopulation,and
theavailabilityofwaterhasbecomemorecrucialthaneverbefore.Asource
ofenergytopumpwaterisalsoabigprobleminmanydevelopingcountries.
Meanwhile, developing a grid system is often too expensive, especially in
rural villages that are located too far away from existing grid lines. On the
other hand, dependency on an imported fuel is not a reliable option due
to political issues, foreign exchange rate fluctuation, and the economies
of many developing countries, which are the supply source. Even if fuel
isavailablewithinthecountry,transportingthatfueltoremote,ruralvillages
can be difficult.
Theuseofrenewableenergyisattractiveforwaterpumpingapplications
inruralareasofmanydevelopingcountries.Thetransportationofrenewable
energysystems,suchasphotovoltaic(PV)pumps,ismucheasierthanother
types because they can be transported in pieces and reassembled on site.
Asolarpumpingsystemisatechniquethathasbeenusedrecentlytopro-
videawatersupplyfromwatersourcessuchasartificialponds,waterwells,
boreholes,orrivers.Inplaceswherethereisnopowergrid,solarpumpingis
oftenthemostobvioussolution,astheinstallationandoperationofrenew-
ableenergysystemsiseasierthanothersystems.Thisisbecausetheycanbe
assembled in pieces onsite and do not imply running fuel that needs to be
transported.Aphotovoltaic(PV)pumpingsystemcanhelpagriculturefields
become more sustainable, as these systems can minimize the overirrigation
ofthefield.Inareaswherewaterisunderground,themostcommonwayto
PhotovoltaicWaterPumpingSystems ©2021ElsevierInc.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821231-8.00001-9 Allrightsreserved. 1
2 Photovoltaicwaterpumpingsystems
liftwaterishandpumpswithprimitivetoolssuchasaShadoof(Arabicname
ofamanualandconventionalpumpingtool).Theotheroptionisdieselgen-
erators, which are much better than the Shadoof. However, diesel genera-
tors have negative impacts on health and the environment as well as
influences on irrigation because of the potential leakage. Moreover, due
to the high maintenance of a diesel generator and fuel transportation costs,
the cost of the pumped water is high as $1 per m3.
TheadvantagesofPV-poweredpumpsarelowmaintenance,nopollu-
tion,easyinstallation,reliability,possibilityofunattendedoperation,andthe
capability to be matched to demand. Meanwhile, the disadvantages are the
high initialcost and variablewater production. However,if the designer is
familiar with a well’s specification, the needed storage system, the natural
terrainsurroundingthewell,andthemanufacturers’dataonavailablepumps
and other equipment, a reliable pumping system can be provided.
1.2 Types of water pumping systems
Water pumping systemsare classifieddependingon the typeof pumpused
(AC or DC) and the configuration of the systems. There are two configu-
rations of water pumping systems: standalone systems and hybrid systems.
Hybrid systems in general use two energy sources such as a wind turbine,
dieselgenerator,orPV.TheACstandalonewaterpumpingsystemsingen-
eral consist of a PV array, an inverter with a centralized maximum power
point tracker, and a pump. Such a system can have a block of batteries as
abackuppowersupply,butbecausethesystemcostisaveryimportantfac-
tor, systems are designed in a way to meet the village demand during the
solar day without any need for batteries.
TherearetwobroadcategoriesofpumpsusedinstandalonePVsystems
aroundtheworld:rotatingandpositivedisplacement.Therearemanyvar-
iations on the designs of these two basic types. Examples of the rotating
pumptypearecentrifugal,rotatingvane,orscrewdrive.Thesepumpsmove
water continuously when power is presented to the pump. The output of
these pumps is dependent on head, solar radiation (current produced),
andoperating voltage.Theyarewellsuitedfor pumpingfromshallow res-
ervoirsorcisterns.TheycanbetieddirectlytothePVarrayoutput,buttheir
performance will be improved by using an electronic controller such as a
linear current booster to improve the match between the pump and the
PVarray.Positivedisplacementpumpsmove“packetsofwater.”Examples
arediaphragmpumpsandpistonpumps(jackpumps).Thesepumpsaretyp-
ically used for pumping water from deep wells. Their output is nearly
