Photovoltaic System Design: Procedures, Tools and Applications

245 Pages·2016·7.49 MB·English

by  Deambi

Photovoltaic
System Design
Procedures, Tools and Applications
Suneel Deambi
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Deambi, Suneel, author.
Title: Photovoltaic system design : procedures, tools and applications / Suneel Deambi.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015045365 | ISBN 9781482259803 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Photovoltaic power systems—Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TK1087 .D434 2016 | DDC 621.31/244--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045365
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Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Author
1 Role of Renewable Energy Technologies in the Overall Energy Scenario
at a Global Level
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Global Energy-Use Status
1.2.1 Role of Private Sector
1.3 Resource Mix
1.3.1 Various Policies to Match Energy Supply and Demand
1.3.2 Country-Specific Examples in Brief
1.3.3 Security of Energy Supply
1.3.4 Share of Fossil Fuels
1.3.5 Role of Low-Carbon Technologies
1.3.6 Environmental Advantage
1.3.7 Energy as an Enabler
1.3.8 Brief Analysis
1.3.9 Assessment of the Available Energy Technologies
1.3.9.1 Importance of ‘Net Energy’
1.3.9.2 Nuclear Energy
1.3.9.3 Other Energy Sources
1.4 Existing Investment Climate for Renewable Energy Technologies
1.4.1 Introducing Solar Energy Technologies
1.4.1.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
1.4.2 Concentrated Solar Power Technology
1.4.3 Grid Parity
1.4.3.1 Taking the Challenge Head-On
1.4.3.2 Fast-Declining SPV Price Regime
1.5 Projected Worldwide Goals for the Development and Deployment of
Solar Technology
1.5.1 Solar Photovoltaic Leading from the Front
1.5.2 Emerging Demand in MEA Region
1.6 Key Challenges and Opportunities
1.6.1 Primary Global Issues at Present
1.6.2 Markets and Policy Makers Both Play Crucial Roles
1.6.3 Five Key National Areas for Action
1.6.3.1 Policy Measures
1.7 Summary of Latest Indian Energy Scenario
1.7.1 Energy Issues and Challenges
1.7.2 Financial and Fiscal Incentives
References
2 Off-Grid and On-Grid PV Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Commonly Used Off-Grid PV Products
2.2.1 Solar Lantern
2.2.2 Solar Home-Lighting System
2.2.3 Solar Street-Lighting System
2.2.4 Solar Fans
2.2.5 Solar Garden Lights
2.2.6 Solar Chargers
2.2.7 Solar Inverter
2.2.7.1 Off-Grid Mode
2.2.7.2 On-Grid Mode
2.2.8 SPV Water Pumping System
2.2.8.1 Key Solar Water Pumping Technologies
2.3 Grid-Connected Rooftop Solar Power Plant
2.3.1 Role of State Governments
2.3.1.1 Institutional Arrangements
2.3.2 Brief Outlook on Global PV Rooftop Market
2.3.2.1 Rooftop System Description
2.3.2.2 Identification and Traceability
2.4 Solar Net-Metering
2.4.1 Cost Analysis
2.4.2 Key Objectives of the PV Rooftop Programme
2.5 Electricity Bill with Solar Net-Metering – A Few Case-Specific
Examples
2.5.1 Getting a Solar Net-Metering Connection – Five Convenient Steps
2.5.2 Safety Requirements for Grid-Connected SPV Systems
2.5.3 Technical Standards for Connectivity
2.5.3.1 Classification of Projects Based on Grid Connectivity
2.5.4 Business Models for Grid-Connected Rooftop and Small Solar
Power Plants
2.6 Estimated Rooftop Potential for Central Government Buildings
2.6.1 Current Status of PV Rooftop Deployment in India
2.6.1.1 Fiscal and Financial Incentives for Rooftop PV
2.6.2 A Few Selective Large-Capacity PV Rooftop Installations
2.6.3 Case Study for an 80 kWp PV Rooftop System at Hero Honda
2.7 Status of Large-Capacity Grid-Connected Power Generation
2.7.1 Capacity Addition under Various Schemes
References
3 Solar Radiation Availability on Earth
3.1 Introduction
3.2 About the Earth
3.2.1 Key Outcome of Earth’s Rotation
3.2.2 Energy Balance
3.3 Radiation Emissions
3.4 Solar Radiation Terminology
3.4.1 Solar Radiation on Different Sources
3.5 Sun–Earth Geometric Relationship
3.5.1 Sun’s Trajectories during Different Seasons
3.5.2 Key Factors on Which Insolation Depends
3.5.3 Quantity of Radiation (Absorbed)
3.5.4 Radiation on a Tilted Surface
3.5.5 Concept of In-Plane Radiation
3.5.5.1 Case-Specific Example
3.5.5.2 Empirical Estimation of Solar Radiation
3.6 Radiation Measurement Techniques
3.6.1 Different Types of Sensors
3.6.2 Different Types of Pyranometers
3.6.3 Measurement of Direct Radiation
3.6.3.1 Broad Classifications of Pyrheliometers
3.6.4 Sunshine Recorder
3.6.4.1 Albedometer
3.6.5 Measurement Accuracy of Solar Radiation
3.7 Overview of Solar Radiation Measurement Activity in India
3.7.1 Salient Features of SRRA
3.7.1.1 Data Acquisition System
3.7.2 Institutional Collaboration
References
4 On-Site–Specific Considerations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Efforts at Preliminary Siting of PV Power Plants
4.2.1 Strategic Approach for Siting
4.2.2 Solar Insolation Determination
4.3 Solar PV Selection Model in GIS Environment
4.3.1 Criteria Identification
4.3.2 Geographic Data-Specific Software
4.3.2.1 Generation of Maps for the Site
4.3.3 Exclusion Criteria
4.3.4 Assigned Choice
4.3.5 Simple Concept of a Sun Path Diagram
4.4 Role of Geotechnical Investigation in Solar PV Power Plants
4.4.1 Case-Specific Example
4.4.1.1 Standard Penetration Test
4.4.1.2 Measurement of Water Table
4.4.1.3 Summing Up the Geotechnical Issues
4.5 Overview of Risks in Solar Projects Prior to Their Commissioning
References
5 PV System Design Considerations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Key Attributes of Solar Modules
5.2.1 Design and Structure Concept
5.2.2 Industry Ratings of Solar Modules
5.2.2.1 Effect of Solar Irradiation
5.2.2.2 Effect of Temperature
5.2.2.3 Mismatch in Solar Cell/Module
5.2.2.4 Mismatch of Series-Connected Solar Cells
5.2.2.5 Occurrence of Hotspots in Solar Modules
5.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics
5.3.1 Availability of Solar Energy
5.3.2 Cost of the System
5.4 Additional Attributes of a Solar PV System
5.5 System Design–Specific Considerations
5.6 Balance of System
5.6.1 Matching Issues with System Components
5.6.2 Key Design Characteristics
5.6.3 Underlying Attributes of an MPPT Controller Technology
5.7 Sizing of PV System
5.7.1 Manual Procedures for System Sizing
5.7.1.1 Determine the Total Load Current and Operational Time
5.7.1.2 Add System Losses
5.7.1.3 Determine the Solar Irradiation in Daily Equivalent Sun
Hours
5.7.1.4 Case-Specific Example
5.7.2 Determine Total Solar Array Current Requirements
5.7.2.1 Determine Optimum Module Arrangement for Solar Array
5.7.3 Case-Specific Example
5.7.3.1 Determine Battery Size
5.8 Cost of a PV System
5.8.1 Cost of the Balance of System
6 Introduction to PV System Sizing Procedures via Simulation Software
6.1 Introduction