Photosynthesis: Molecular Approaches to Solar Energy Conversion

646 Pages·2021·32.979 MB·English

by  Jian-Ren Shen, Kimiyuki Satoh, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration 47
Including Bioenergy and Related Processes
Jian-Ren Shen
Kimiyuki Satoh
Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev   Editors
Photosynthesis:
Molecular
Approaches to Solar
Energy Conversion
Photosynthesis: Molecular Approaches
to Solar Energy Conversion
Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration
Including Bioenergy and Related Processes
VOLUME 47
Series Editors
THOMAS D. SHARKEY
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 
East Lansing, MI, USA
JULIAN J. EATON-RYE
Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 
Dunedin, New Zealand
Founding Editor
GOVINDJEE
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, IL, USA
The book series Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration – Including Bioenergy and Related Pro-
cesses provides a comprehensive and state-of-the-art account of research in photosynthesis, res-
piration, bioenergy production and related processes. Virtually all life on our planet Earth ultimately
depends on photosynthetic energy capture and conversion to energy-rich organic molecules. These are
used for food, fuel, and fiber. Photosynthesis is the source of almost all Bioenergy on Earth. The fuel
and energy uses of photosynthesized products and processes have become an important area of study
and competition between food and fuel has led to resurgence in photosynthesis research. This series
of books spans topics from physics to agronomy and medicine; from femtosecond processes through
season-long production to evolutionary changes over the course of the history of the Earth; from the
photophysics of light absorption, excitation energy transfer in the antenna to the reaction centers,
where the highly-efficient primary conversion of light energy to charge separation occurs, through in-
termediate electron transfer reactions, to the physiology of whole organisms and ecosystems; and from
X-ray crystallography of proteins to the morphology of organelles and intact organisms. In addition to
photosynthesis in natural systems, genetic engineering of photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis
is included in this series. The goal of the series is to offer beginning researchers, advanced undergradu-
ate students, graduate students, and even research specialists, a comprehensive, up-to-date picture of
the remarkable advances across the full scope of research on photosynthesis and related energy pro-
cesses. This series is designed to improve understanding of photosynthesis and bioenergy processes
at many levels both to improve basic understanding of these important processes and to enhance our
ability to use photosynthesis for the improvement of the human condition.
For more information, please contact the Series Editors Thomas D. Sharkey, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected]; phone [phone] or Julian
J. Eaton-Rye, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, New Zealand, E-mail: julian.eaton-
[email protected]. A complete list of references listed per volume can be found following this link: http://
www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/Reference-Index.htm
Founding Editor Govindjee, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Plant Biology
Advisory Editors Elizabeth Ainsworth (USA); Basanti Biswal (India); Robert E. Blankenship (USA);
Ralph Bock (Germany); Wayne Frasch (USA); Johannes Messinger (Sweden); Masahiro Sugiura
(Japan); Davide Zannoni (Italy); and Lixin Zhang (China)
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5599
Photosynthesis:
Molecular Approaches
to Solar Energy
Conversion
Edited by
Jian-Ren Shen
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science,
Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
Kimiyuki Satoh
Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
and
Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia
Editors
Jian-Ren Shen Kimiyuki Satoh
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science Faculty of Science
Okayama University Okayama University
Okayama, Japan Okayama, Japan
Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
Institute of Plant Physiology
Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russia
ISSN 1572-0233 ISSN 2215-0102 (electronic)
Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration
ISBN 978-3-030-67406-9 ISBN 978-3-030-67407-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67407-6
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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From the Series Editors
Advances in Photosynthesis
and Respiration Including Bioenergy
and Related Processes
Volume 47: Photosynthesis: Molecular Approaches
to Solar Energy Conversion
Photosynthesis represents the central pro- chapters focus on photosystems in plants,
cess in nature that has established the diver- algae, and cyanobacteria and their light-har-
sity of life on Earth. Each year, photosynthesis vesting systems. The importance of this field
is responsible for using solar energy to con- for the development of artificial photosyn-
vert about 100 gigatons of carbon dioxide thesis and photosynthetic hydrogen produc-
into the energy-rich carbohydrates that ulti- tion for clean energy technologies is also
mately support almost all ecosystems. The emphasized in this book.
key step for the conversion of solar energy
into chemical energy takes place in molecu-
lar machines known as photosystems. These Authors of Volume 47
are found in biological membranes in the
chloroplasts of plants and algae and in simi- Reflecting the international impact of
lar membranes in photosynthetic bacteria. Professor Klimov’s career and the interna-
One of these photosystems, known as tional focus of the AIPH book series, this
Photosystem II, uses light-energy to obtain volume has authors from 14 countries:
electrons from water that are utilized in the Australia (6), China (2), Germany (2),
reactions leading to fixing carbon into sugars Hungary (3), India (2), Iran (1), Israel (2),
while at the same time being the source of Japan (17), Russia (10), Slovak Republic (2),
the oxygen we breathe and the oxygen of the Spain (3), Ukraine (1), UK (1), and the USA
protective ozone layer of our planet. (2). There are 54 authors (including the 3
In volume 47 of the Advances in editors) who are all recognized experts in
Photosynthesis and Respiration (AIPH) their fields. Alphabetically (by last names),
series, Jian-Ren Shen, Kimiyuki Satoh, and they are Parveen Akhtar, Seiji Akimoto,
Suleyman Allakverdiev have brought Fusamichi Akita, Miguel Alfonso, Suleyman
together an impressive team of experts pro- I.  Allakhverdiev, James Barber, Vinzenz
viding a detailed appraisal of current knowl- Bayro-Kaiser, Marian Brestic, Min Chen,
edge on the molecular systems that operate Thomas Friedrich, Vera Grechanik, Győző
in biological solar energy conversion. Garab, Miguel A. Hernández-Prieto, Harvey
Inspired by the outstanding career of the late J.M.  Hou, Kentaro Ifuku, Hiroshi Isobe,
Professor Vyacheslav Vasilevich Klimov, Takahashi Kawakami, Andrey
and as a tribute to his many contributions to A. Khorobrykh, Petar H. Lambrev, María
our understanding of Photosystem II, the A.  Luján, Sai Kiran Madireddi, Mahir
v
vi From the Series Editors
D.  Mamedov, David Mauzerall, Koichi [http://www.springer.com/gp/
Miyagawa, Ruyo Nagao, Yoshiki Nakajima, book/9783319935928]
Nathan Nelson, Takumi Noguchi, Ron J. • Volume 43 (2018) Plant Respiration:
Pace, Simon Petrie, Rafael Picorel, Xiao- Metabolic Fluxes and Carbon Balance,
Chun Qin. Galina Riznichenko, Andrew edited by Guillaume Tcherkez from Australia
Rubin, Kimiyuki Satoh, Franz-Josef Schmitt, and Jaleh Ghashghaie from France. Eighteen
Alexey Yu. Semenov, Jian-Ren Shen, Rob chapters, 302 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-319-
Stranger, Rajagopal Subramanyam, 68701-8, eBook ISBN 978-3-319-68703-2
Michihiro Suga, Oksana Sytar, Richard [http://www.springer.com/us/
Terrett, Alexander N.  Tikhonov, Tatsuya book/9783319687018]
Tomo, Peyman Mohammadzadeh • Volume 42 (2016) Canopy Photosynthesis:
Toutounchi, Anatoly Tsygankov, Yoshifumi From Basics to Applications, edited by
Ueno, Wen-Da Wang, Kizashi Yamaguchi, Kouki Hikosaka from Japan, Ülo Niinemets
Shunsuke Yamanaka, Denis V.  Yanykin, from Estonia, and Neils P.R. Anten from the
Makio Yokono, and Mareck Zivcak. We are Netherlands. Fifteen chapters, 423 pp,
grateful for their efforts in making this Hardcover ISBN 978-94-017-7290-7, eBook
important volume. ISBN 978-94-017-7291-4 [http://www.
springer.com/book/9789401772907]
• Volume 41 (2016) Cytochrome Complexes:
Our Books Evolution, Structures, Energy
Transduction, and Signaling, edited by
We list below information on the volumes William A. Cramer and Tovio Kallas from the
that have been published thus far (see USA. Thirty-five chapters, 734 pp, Hardcover
http://www.springer.com/series/5599 for the ISBN 978-94-017-7479-6, eBook ISBN 978-
series website). Electronic access to individ- 94-017-7481-9 [http://www.springer.com/
ual chapters depends on subscription (ask book/9789401774796]
your librarian), but Springer provides free • Volume 40 (2014) Non-Photochemical
downloadable front matter as well as indexes Quenching and Energy Dissipation in
for all volumes. The available websites of the Plants, Algae and Cyanobacteria, edited by
books in the series are listed below. Barbara Demmig-Adams, Győző Garab,
William W. Adams III, and Govindjee from
• Volume 45 (2020) Photosynthesis in Algae: USA and Hungary. Twenty-eight chapters,
Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms, 649 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-94-017-9031-4,
edited by Anthony W.D.  Larkum from eBook ISBN 978-94-017-9032-1 [http://
Australia, Arthur R.  Grossmann from www.springer.com/life+sciences/
the USA and John A.  Raven from the plant+sciences/book/978-94-017-9031-4]
UK. Seventeen chapters, 514 pp, Hardcover • Volume 39 (2014) The Structural Basis of
ISBN 978-3-030-33396-6, eBook ISBN 978- Biological Energy Generation, edited by
3-030-33397-3 [http://www.springer.com/gp/ Martin F. Hohmann-Marriott from Norway.
book/9783030333966] Twenty-four chapters, 483 pp, Hardcover
• Volume 44 (2018) The Leaf: A Platform for ISBN 978-94-017-8741-3, eBook ISBN 978-
Performing Photosynthesis, edited by 94-017-8742-0 [http://www.springer.com/
William W. Adams III from the USA and life+sciences/book/978-94-017-8741-3]
Ichiro Terashima from Japan. Fourteen chap- • Volume 38 (2014) Microbial BioEnergy:
ters, 575 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-319- Hydrogen Production, edited by Davide
93592-8, eBook ISBN 978-3-319-93594-2 Zannoni and Roberto De Phillipis, from Italy.
From the Series Editors vii
Eighteen chapters, 366 pp, Hardcover ISBN springer.com/life+sciences/
978-94-017-8553-2, eBook ISBN 978- 94- book/978-94-007-1532-5]
017-8554-9 [http://www.springer.com/ • Volume 32 (2011): C4 Photosynthesis and
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms,
book/978-94-017-8553-2] edited by Agepati S. Raghavendra and Rowan
• Volume 37 (2014) Photosynthesis in Sage, from India and Canada. Nineteen chap-
Bryophytes and Early Land Plants, edited ters, 425 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-90-481-
by David T. Hanson and Steven K. Rice, from 9406-3, Softcover ISBN 978-94-007-3381-7,
USA.  Eighteen chapters, approx. 342 pp, eBook ISBN 978-90-481-9407-0 [http://
Hardcover ISBN 978-94-007-6987-8, eBook www.springer.com/life+sciences/
ISBN 978-94-007-6988-5 [http://www. plant+sciences/book/978-90-481-9406-3]
springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ • Volume 31 (2010): The Chloroplast: Basics
book/978-94-007-6987-8] and Applications, edited by Constantin
• Volume 36 (2013) Plastid Development in Rebeiz, Christoph Benning, Hans J. Bohnert,
Leaves during Growth and Senescence, Henry Daniell, J. Kenneth Hoober, Hartmut
edited by Basanti Biswal, Karin Krupinska K.  Lichtenthaler, Archie R.  Portis, and
and Udaya Biswal, from India and Germany. Baishnab C. Tripathy, from USA, Germany,
Twenty-eight chapters, 837 pp, Hardcover and India. Twenty-five chapters, 451 pp,
ISBN 978-94-007-5723-33, eBook ISBN Hardcover ISBN 978-90-481-8530-6,
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com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ ISBN 978-90-481-8531-3 [http://www.
book/978-94-007-5723-3] springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
• Volume 35 (2012) Genomics of Chloroplasts book/978-90-481-8530-6]
and Mitochondria, edited by Ralph Bock and • Volume 30 (2009): Lipids in Photosynthesis:
Volker Knoop, from Germany. Nineteen chap- Essential and Regulatory Functions, edited
ters, 475 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-94-007- by Hajime Wada and Norio Murata, both from
2919-3 eBook ISBN 978-94-007-2920-9 Japan. Twenty chapters, 506 pp, Hardcover
[http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/ ISBN 978-90-481-2862-4, Softcover ISBN
plant+sciences/book/978-94-007-2919-3] 978-94-007-3073-1 eBook ISBN 978-90-481-
• Volume 34 (2012) Photosynthesis - Plastid 2863-1 [http://www.springer.com/
Biology, Energy Conversion and Carbon life+sciences/plant+sciences/
Assimilation, edited by Julian J. Eaton-Rye, book/978-90-481-2862-4]
Baishnab C. Tripathy, and Thomas D. Sharkey, • Volume 29 (2009): Photosynthesis in Silico:
from New Zealand, India, and USA. Thirty- Understanding Complexity from Molecules,
three chapters, 854 pp, Hardcover, ISBN 978- edited by Agu Laisk, Ladislav Nedbal, and
94-007-1578-3, eBook ISBN Govindjee, from Estonia, The Czech Republic,
978-94-007-1579-0 [http://www.springer. and USA. Twenty chapters, 525 pp, Hardcover
com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ ISBN 978-1-4020-9236-7, Softcover ISBN
book/978-94-007-1578-3] 978-94-007-1533-2, eBook ISBN 978-1-
• Volume 33 (2012): Functional Genomics 4020-9237-4 [http://www.springer.com/
and Evolution of Photosynthetic Systems, life+sciences/plant+sciences/
edited by Robert L.  Burnap and Willem book/978-1-4020-9236-7]
F.J. Vermaas, from USA. Fifteen chapters, • Volume 28 (2009): The Purple Phototrophic
428 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-94-007-1532-5, Bacteria, edited by C. Neil Hunter, Fevzi
Softcover ISBN 978-94-007-3832-4, eBook Daldal, Marion C. Thurnauer and J. Thomas
ISBN 978-94-007-1533-2 [http://www. Beatty, from UK, USA and Canada.
viii From the Series Editors
Forty-eight chapters, 1053 pp, Hardcover USA.  Twenty-seven chapters, 575 pp,
ISBN 978-1-4020-8814-8, eBook ISBN 978- Softcover, ISBN: 978-1-4020-6570–6;
1-4020-8815-5 [http://www.springer.com/ Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020-4060-3,
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ Softcover ISBN 978-1-4020-6570-5, eBook
book/978-1-4020-8814-8] ISBN 978-1-4020-4061-0 [http://www.
• Volume 27 (2008): Sulfur Metabolism in springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
Phototrophic Organisms, edited by book/978-1-4020-4060-3]
Christiane Dahl, Rüdiger Hell, David Knaff • Volume 22 (2005): Photosystem II: The
and Thomas Leustek, from Germany and Light-Driven Water:Plastoquinone
USA.  Twenty-four chapters, 551 pp, Oxidoreductase, edited by Thomas
Hardcover ISBN 978-4020-6862-1, Softcover J.  Wydrzynski and Kimiyuki Satoh, from
ISBN 978-90-481-7742-4, eBook ISBN 978- Australia and Japan. Thirty-four chapters, 786
1-4020-6863-8 [http://www.springer.com/ pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020-4249-2,
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ eBook ISBN 978-1-4020-4254-6 [http://
book/978-1-4020-6862-1] www.springer.com/life+sciences/
• Volume 26 (2008): Biophysical Techniques plant+sciences/book/978-1-4020-4249-2]
Photosynthesis, Volume II, edited by Thijs • Volume 21 (2006): Photoprotection,
Aartsma and Jörg Matysik, both from The Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation, and
Netherlands. Twenty-four chapters, 548 pp, Environment, edited by Barbara Demmig-
Hardcover, ISBN 978-1-4020-8249-8, Adams, William W.  Adams III and Autar
Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-7820-9, eBook K. Mattoo, from USA. Twenty-one chapters,
ISBN 978-1-4020-8250-4 [http://www. 380 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-14020-3564-7,
springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ Softcover ISBN 978-1-4020-9281-7, eBook
book/978-1-4020-8249-8] ISBN 978-1-4020-3579-1 [http://www.
• Volume 25 (2006): Chlorophylls and springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
Bacteriochlorophylls: Biochemistry, book/978-1-4020-3564-7]
Biophysics, Functions and Applications, • Volume 20 (2006): Discoveries in
edited by Bernhard Grimm, Robert J. Porra, Photosynthesis, edited by Govindjee,
Wolfhart Rüdiger, and Hugo Scheer, from J.  Thomas Beatty, Howard Gest and John
Germany and Australia. Thirty-seven chap- F. Allen, from USA, Canada and UK. One
ters, 603 pp, Hardcover, ISBN 978-1- hundred and eleven chapters, 1304 pp,
40204515-8, Softcover ISBN Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020-3323-0, eBook
978-90-481-7140-8, eBook ISBN 978-1- ISBN 978-1-4020-3324-7 [http://www.
4020-4516-5 [http://www.springer.com/ springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ book/978-1-4020-3323-0]
book/978-1-4020-4515-8] • Volume 19 (2004): Chlorophyll a
• Volume 24 (2006): Photosystem I: The Fluorescence: A Signature of
Light-Driven Plastocyanin:Ferredoxin Photosynthesis, edited by George
Oxidoreductase, edited by John H. Golbeck, C. Papageorgiou and Govindjee, from Greece
from USA. Forty chapters, 716 pp, Hardcover and USA.  Thirty-one chapters, 820 pp,
ISBN 978-1-40204255-3, Softcover ISBN Hardcover, ISBN 978-1-4020-3217-2,
978-90-481-7088-3, eBook ISBN 978-1- Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-3882-1, eBook
4020-4256-0 [http://www.springer.com/ ISBN 978-1-4020-3218-9 [http://www.
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ springer.com/life+sciences/
book/978-1-4020-4255-3] biochemistry+%26+biophysics/
• Volume 23 (2006): The Structure and book/978-1-4020-3217-2]
Function of Plastids, edited by Robert • Volume 18 (2005): Plant Respiration: From
R.  Wise and J.  Kenneth Hoober, from Cell to Ecosystem, edited by Hans Lambers
From the Series Editors ix
and Miquel Ribas-Carbo, from Australia and 544 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-07923-6335-4,
Spain. Thirteen chapters, 250 pp, Hardcover Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-5468-5, eBook
ISBN978-14020-3588-3, Softcover ISBN ISBN 978-94-017-2087-8 [http://www.
978-90-481-6903-0, eBook ISBN 978-1- springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
4020-3589-0 [http://www.springer.com/ book/978-0-7923-6335-4]
life+sciences/plant+sciences/ • Volume 12 (2003): Photosynthetic Nitrogen
book/978-1-4020-3588-3] Assimilation and Associated Carbon and
• Volume 17 (2004): Plant Mitochondria: Respiratory Metabolism, edited by Christine
From Genome to Function, edited by David H. Foyer and Graham Noctor, from UK and
Day, A. Harvey Millar and James Whelan, France. Sixteen chapters, 304 pp, Hardcover
from Australia. Fourteen chapters, 325 pp, ISBN 978-07923-6336-1, Softcover ISBN
Hardcover, ISBN: 978-1-4020-2399-6, 978-90-481-5469-2, eBook ISBN 978-0-306-
Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-6651-0, eBook 48138-3 [http://www.springer.com/
ISBN 978-1-4020-2400-9 [http://www. life+sciences/plant+sciences/
springer.com/life+sciences/cell+biology/ book/978-0-7923-6336-1]
book/978-1-4020-2399-6] • Volume 11 (2001): Regulation of
• Volume 16 (2004): Respiration in Archaea Photosynthesis, edited by Eva-Mari Aro and
and Bacteria: Diversity of Prokaryotic Bertil Andersson, from Finland and Sweden.
Respiratory Systems, edited by Davide Thirty-two chapters, 640 pp, Hardcover ISBN
Zannoni, from Italy. Thirteen chapters, 310 978-0-7923-6332-3, Softcover ISBN 978-94-
pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-14020-2002-5, 017-4146-0, eBook ISBN 978-0-306-48148-2
Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-6571-1, eBook [http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/
ISBN 978-1-4020-3163-2 [http://www. plant+sciences/book/978-0-7923-6332-3]
springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ • Volume 10 (2001): Photosynthesis:
book/978-1-4020-2002-5] Photobiochemistry and Photobiophysics,
• Volume 15 (2004): Respiration in Archaea edited by Bacon Ke, from USA. Thirty-six
and Bacteria: Diversity of Prokaryotic chapters, 792 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-0-
Electron Transport Carriers, edited by 7923-6334-7, Softcover ISBN 978-0-7923-
Davide Zannoni, from Italy. Thirteen chap- 6791-8, eBook ISBN 978-0-306-48136-9
ters, 350 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-1-4020- [http://www.springer.com/life+sciences/
2001-8, Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-6570-4, plant+sciences/book/978-0-7923-6334-7]
eBook ISBN 978-1-4020-3163-2 [http:// • Volume 9 (2000): Photosynthesis:
www.springer.com/life+sciences/ Physiology and Metabolism, edited by
biochemistry+%26+biophysics/ Richard C. Leegood, Thomas D. Sharkey and
book/978-1-4020-2001-8] Susanne von Caemmerer, from UK, USA and
• Volume 14 (2004): Photosynthesis in Algae, Australia. Twenty-four chapters, 644 pp,
edited by Anthony W.D.  Larkum, Susan Hardcover ISBN 978-07923-6143-5,
Douglas and John A. Raven, from Australia, Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-5386-2, eBook
Canada and UK. Nineteen chapters, 500 pp, ISBN 978-0-306-48137-6 [http://www.
Hardcover ISBN 978-0-7923-6333-0, springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/
Softcover ISBN 978-94-010-3772-3, eBook book/978-0-7923-6143-5]
ISBN 978-94-007-1038-2 [http://www. • Volume 8 (1999): The Photochemistry of
springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/ Carotenoids, edited by Harry A.  Frank,
book/978-0-7923-6333-0] Andrew J. Young, George Britton and Richard
• Volume 13 (2003): Light-Harvesting J. Cogdell, from USA and UK. Twenty chap-
Antennas in Photosynthesis, edited by ters, 420 pp, Hardcover ISBN 978-0-7923-
Beverley R. Green and William W. Parson, 5942-5, Softcover ISBN 978-90-481-5310-7,
from Canada and USA. Seventeen chapters, eBook ISBN 978-0-306-48209-0 [http://