Table Of ContentPhotoreactors in Advanced
Oxidation Processes
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Photoreactors in Advanced
Oxidation Processes
The Future of Wastewater Treatment
Edited by
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, the University of South Africa,
Pretoria, South Africa
Sadanand Pandey
Particulate Matter Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Science
& Technology (RIST), South Korea
and
Suprakas Sinha Ray
DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials, Pretoria, South Africa
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title
is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley prod-
ucts visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no rep-
resentations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and
specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchant-
ability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representa-
tives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization,
website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further informa-
tion does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organiza-
tion, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the
understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist
where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other
commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared
between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-394-16629-9
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
Part 1: Advances in Photocatalysts Synthesis 1
1 Advancement and New Challenges in Heterogeneous
Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
in the 21st Century 3
Sadanand Pandey, Tanushri Chatterji, Edwin Makhado,
Abbas Rahdar, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Misook Kang
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Development of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 6
1.3 Mechanism of Action of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 8
1.4 Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalyst 11
1.5 Heterostructure Photocatalysts for the Degradation
of Organic Pollutants 17
1.6 Photoreactors 19
1.7 Photoreactors for the Degradation of Volatile Organic
Compounds 20
1.7.1 Annular Reactors 20
1.7.2 Plate Reactor 21
1.7.3 Packed Bed Reactors 22
1.7.4 Honeycomb Monolith Reactors 22
1.7.5 Fluidized Bed Reactors 23
1.7.6 Batch Reactors 23
1.7.7 Parabolic Trough Photoreactors 26
1.7.8 Inclined Flat Photoreactors 26
1.7.9 Gas Phase Photoreactors 26
1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Heterogeneous
Photocatalysis 27
1.9 Conclusion 28
Acknowledgment 28
References 29
v
vi Contents
2 Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation
Process in Wastewater Treatment 37
Rupali Mishra, Sadanand Pandey and Elvis Fosso-Kankeu
Abbreviations 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.1.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 41
2.1.2 AOPs Classification 41
2.1.2.1 Catalytic Oxidation 41
2.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation 42
2.2 Effect of Pollutant 43
2.3 Type of Catalysts 43
2.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks 43
2.3.1.1 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Technique 45
2.3.2 Metal Oxides 46
2.3.2.1 Coprecipitation Method 46
2.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis 47
2.3.2.3 Sol-Gel Process 47
2.3.2.4 Bioreduction Method 47
2.3.2.5 Solvent System-Based Green Synthesis 48
2.3.3 Perovskites 49
2.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis
of Perovskites 49
2.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
of Perovskites 49
2.3.3.3 Mechanosynthesis of Perovskites 50
2.3.4 Layered Double Hydroxides 50
2.3.4.1 Coprecipitation by the Addition of Base 51
2.3.5 Graphene 51
2.3.5.1 Electrochemical (EC) Processes 52
2.3.5.2 Water Electrolytic Oxidation 53
2.4 Some Recent Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced
Oxidation Process 53
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospect 58
Acknowledgement 60
References 60
Contents vii
3 Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts and its Applications
in Wastewater Treatment 71
Premlata Kumari and Azazahemad Kureshi
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Photocatalysts and Green Chemistry 72
3.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts (NPCs) 74
3.2.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of NPCs 76
3.2.3 Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of NPCs 77
3.2.3.1 Alginic Acid 78
3.2.3.2 Carrageenan 79
3.2.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan 79
3.2.3.4 Guar Gum 79
3.2.3.5 Cellulose 80
3.2.3.6 Xanthan Gum 80
3.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPCs Using Bacteria, Algae,
and Fungus 80
3.2.5 Characterization of NPCs Using Various Analytical
Techniques 81
3.2.5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 81
3.2.5.2 XRD 82
3.2.5.3 SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and AFM 82
3.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 84
3.2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering 85
3.2.5.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) 88
3.2.5.7 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda 88
3.2.6 Application of Green Synthesized NPCs
in Wastewater Treatment 88
3.3 Limitations and Future Aspects 98
3.4 Conclusion 99
References 99
4 Green Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles
for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 109
Aubrey Makofane, David E. Motaung
and Nomso C. Hintsho-Mbita
Abbreviations 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles 112
4.3 General Synthesis Methods of Metal Ferrites
and Their Limitations 113
viii Contents
4.4 Biological Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures 115
4.4.1 Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures
Using Bacteria 116
4.4.2 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures
Using Fungi 118
4.4.3 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures
Using Plant Extracts 121
4.5 Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites as Photocatalysts
for Dye Degradation 123
4.5.1 Effect of Depositing Noble and Transition Metal
on Metal Ferrites for Photodegradation 129
4.5.2 Effect of Carbon Deposited on Metal Ferrites for
Photocatalytic Degradation 131
4.5.3 Effect of Coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors
with Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation 133
4.5.4 Biological Applications of Plant-Derived
Metal Ferrites 137
4.6 Challenges of these Materials and Photocatalysis 140
4.7 Conclusion: Future Perspectives 141
References 142
Part 2: Advanced Oxidation Processes 151
5 Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater
Remediation 153
Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C. Madzokere
and Themba E. Tshabalala
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Photocatalysis and Ozonation 154
5.2.1 Photocatalysis 154
5.2.2 Ozonation 156
5.3 Hybrid AOP Technologies 157
5.3.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation 157
5.3.2 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Hydrodynamic
Cavitation 159
5.3.3 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Ultrasound
Radiation 160
5.3.3.1 Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation 161
5.3.3.2 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation 162
5.4 Membrane-Based AOPs 165
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 168
References 169
