Table Of ContentPhotonics and Fiber Optics
Photonics and Fiber Optics
Foundations and Applications
Edited by
Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
Pathik Kumbhakar
Mrinal Kanti Mandal
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-13457-0 (Hardback)
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have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
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have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Gangopadhyay, Tarun Kumar, editor. | Kumbhakar, Pathik, editor. |
Mandal, Mrinal Kanti, editor.
Title: Photonics and fiber optics : foundations and applications / [edited
by] Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, Pathik Kumbhakar, Mrinal Kanti Mandal.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book discusses
foundations of laser and photonics technology focusing on laser and
fiber-optic application in telecommunication and sensing fields. It
covers constituent materials, techniques of measurement of nonlinear
optical properties of nanomaterials, photonic crystal and pertinent
applications in varied fields”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019018146 | ISBN 9780367134570 (hardback) | ISBN
9780429026584 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Photonics. | Fiber optics.
Classification: LCC TA1520 .P4913 2020 | DDC 621.36/92--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019018146
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface ....................................................................................................................vii
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
Editors ......................................................................................................................xi
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xv
Printed on acid-free paper
1. Historical Facts toward Introduction of Fiber-Optics
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-13457-0 (Hardback)
and Photonics .......................................................................................1
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize 2. Photonics: A Dream of Modern Technology ..........................................39
to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material Sourangshu Mukhopadhyay, Shuvra Dey, and Subhendu Saha
has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- 3. Optical Fiber and Its Application in Communication—An
mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- Overview ........................................................................................................67
ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
Mrinal Kanti Mandal
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. 4. Progress on Optical Fiber Sensor for the Measurement
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
of Physical Parameters and Chemical Sensing ......................................89
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are 5. Laser Applications in Medicine and Photodynamic Therapy ..........131
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Gopal C. Bhar
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data 6. Attempts to Build Light Energy Conversion Devices .........................149
Names: Gangopadhyay, Tarun Kumar, editor. | Kumbhakar, Pathik, editor. | Somnath Paul, Chirantan Samajdar, and Tapan Ganguly
Mandal, Mrinal Kanti, editor.
Title: Photonics and fiber optics : foundations and applications / [edited
7. Fluorescence: Fundamentals and Applications ....................................157
by] Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, Pathik Kumbhakar, Mrinal Kanti Mandal.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes Mohan Singh Mehata
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book discusses
foundations of laser and photonics technology focusing on laser and
8. Nonlinear Frequency Conversion—A Versatile Approach to
fiber-optic application in telecommunication and sensing fields. It
covers constituent materials, techniques of measurement of nonlinear Achieve Broadly Tunable Coherent Radiation .....................................177
optical properties of nanomaterials, photonic crystal and pertinent Udit Chatterjee
applications in varied fields”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019018146 | ISBN 9780367134570 (hardback) | ISBN
9780429026584 (ebook) 9. Photonics and Its Application in High-Voltage Engineering ............205
Subjects: LCSH: Photonics. | Fiber optics. Nirmal Kumar Roy
Classification: LCC TA1520 .P4913 2020 | DDC 621.36/92--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019018146
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
v
vi Contents
10. Techniques of Measurements of Linear and Nonlinear Optical
Properties of Layered Nanomaterials for Applications in
Photonics ......................................................................................................217
Pathik Kumbhakar, S. Biswas, and A. K. Kole
11. TiO Nanowire-Based Optical Sensor ....................................................249
2
Aniruddha Mondal and Anupam Ghosh
12. Computation of Electromagnetic Bandgap in Two-Dimensional
Photonic Crystal..........................................................................................275
Arpan Deyasi
Index .....................................................................................................................297
Preface
Light astonished human beings from the very start of civilization. They con-
quered the darkness with the invention of fire. With time they invented dif-
ferent sources of light and tried to control and channelize them. There is
multitude of applications of optics in our daily life. The application of
optics has increased immensely after the invention of laser in the year
1960. There has been a renaissance in the field of optics and optoelectron-
ics. Nowadays, the applications of laser are not only restricted in the field
of scientific research and development but also it has spread its applicable
potentiality in our daily life. Recently a new area of science of technology
has emerged, namely photonics. Photonics is the science and technology of
generating and controlling photons—particles of light. The applications of
photonics cover many disciplines, with the single aim of harnessing the pho-
ton in fields such as optics, materials science, electrical engineering, nano-
technology, physics and chemistry. The twentieth century is often called the
century of the electron because of the technological breakthroughs enabled
by the electron. It is likely that the twenty-first century will be known as
the century of the photon. The application of photonics in technology is as
diverse as that in science. The impact of photonics technology in our daily
lives is immense. Photonics technology enables the processing, storage,
transport and visualization of huge masses of data. In manufacturing, laser
light is used as a fast and precise tool for cutting, welding and scribing. Laser
manufacturing is used for objects as large as huge ocean-going tankers to
tiny nano structures. Innovative lighting systems create convenient sur-
roundings and save energy. In the present “information era,” the high speed
and efficient communication of huge amounts of information have been
made possible due to the advancement in the field of optical communication
in terms of development of good quality, small size optical sources, opti-
cal detectors and very low loss optical fiber for guiding the optical signals.
Laser light is used to control and to study dynamics of chemical reactions
also. Laser sources have important roles to play in nanoscience and nano-
technology for the study and development of nanotechnology materials and
devices for our well-being. Important scientific research is going on all over
the globe for the development of high speed optical computers by develop-
ing integrated small scale laser-based devices. This book is intended and
edited for the benefit of senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers
and the teachers in the field of photonics.
This book starts with a brief history of light wave as well as fiber-optic
technology. Then description of different optical fiber along with its proper-
ties is represented in a brief but compact manner. Specific attention was paid
to the history of every kind of optical fiber as they played an important role
vii
viii Preface
after 1975. After that, complete origin of a new generation photonic crystal
fiber (PCF) was discussed in detail. It also contains the differences between
the conventional fiber and PCF. Many charming optical properties of PCF
are described. For certain important applications, crucial factors including
design, fabrications and light guiding properties are discussed in both single
mode fiber (SMF) and PCF. In the first four chapters a complete evolution
is done in this book about the varieties of optical fiber and its properties
through its six generations over a 40 years’ time period ranging from 1975 to
2018. Henceforth, one can only wonder what the future holds, especially if
the potential of the optical fiber is realized by the year 2025.
The next four chapters (i.e., Chapters 5 through 8) deal with laser applica-
tions in medicine, light energy conversion devices, fluorescence, nonlinear
optical effects for a generation of tunable laser radiations, etc. which contain
the fundamental information related to Foundations in Photonics (the title
of the book). The next four chapters (i.e., Chapters 9 through 12) deal with
some applications of photonics, sensing effects, different sensors, techniques
of measurement of linear and nonlinear optical properties of some recently
studied 2D layered nanomaterials having enormous photonic applications
and computation of electromagnetic bandgap of two-dimensional photonic
crystal, etc. These effects have a lot of importance in the development of pho-
tonics and opto-electronics devices in future. Hence the above-mentioned
topics are covered in this edited book aiming to fulfill the requirements of
students and the broader research community.
The writings of these chapters have started in 2016 and reached to the pres-
ent stage with the help of different personalities and various support from
our colleagues. Hence our sincere acknowledgments and thanks to all con-
tributors for their inputs and support. Firstly, this edited volume has come
out from the compilation of lectures delivered by eminent expert research-
ers and scientists in a TEQIP-II sponsored short-term course (STC) entitled
“Foundations in Photonics and Applications (FiPA-2016)” organized at
Department of Physics of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur. We are
very much grateful for the kind permission of the Director, NIT, Durgapur,
and Director, CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, to
work jointly between two institutes and to publish the lecture materials in
the form of a book. This book is a collected effort of the presenters in FiPA-
2016 and additional chapters are included from two eminent researchers.
Thus, we are grateful to all the authors of the chapters for their valuable
contributions.
We are grateful to Prof. Anupam Basu, present Director, NIT Durgapur, for
his inspirations. We are grateful to Dr. K. Muraleedharan, present Director,
CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, for his permission to carry out this work. We are
also grateful to Dr. H.S. Maiti, Ex-Director of CSIR-CGCRI, Kolkata, for his
encouragement and support. We would also like to thank Mr. Jijo V. Ittiarah
and Miss Moutusi De, PhD students, for their help during the preparation
of the manuscripts. We are thankful to Dr. Subrata Biswas for designing the
Preface ix
cover page of the book. We are grateful to all scientists in the Fiber Optics
and Photonics Division (FOPD), CSIR-CGRI, for providing some of the pho-
tographs appearing in the book. We are also grateful to all the colleagues of
Department of Physics of National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, for
their help. We thank all the learned reviewers for their critical comments
and fruitful suggestions. Finally, we are grateful to all CRC press (T & F)
staff members and to Dr. Gagandeep Singh, whose continuous and untiring
efforts made it possible to print it in the present form.
Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
Pathik Kumbhakar
Mrinal Kanti Mandal
